Introduction: Children who develop any hypersensitivity reaction to eggs are routinely referred to hospital for Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccination as inpatients to prevent anaphylaxis. We aimed to study the association between hypersensitivity reactions after egg exposure and similar reactions after MMR immunisation; and examine the necessity of hospital admission for vaccination. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Paediatric Department in Bukit Mertajam Hospital, Penang, between March and December 2014. Children referred from local polyclinics for inpatient MMR vaccination because of a history of egg allergy were recruited. The children were observed in the ward for post vaccination allergic reactions. Concurrently, a group of children without egg allergy was recruited from those admitted for other illnesses but had recent MMR vaccination at polyclinics. Parents of these children were interviewed and asked if they had observed any reactions post vaccination. In both groups, sociodemographics, medical history and family history of atopy were collected. Results: Eighty-seven subjects were recruited in this study. Fifty-four infants with egg allergy had previous mild allergic reactions after exposure to eggs or egg-related products. They were associated with a family history of egg hypersensitivity, personal history of acute gastroenteritis and upper respiratory tract infections. Two of them developed cutaneous rashes post vaccination during observation, but none developed anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions. Two infants among those without egg allergy had post vaccination fever. There was no association between egg allergy and hypersensitivity reactions to MMR vaccine (p=0.632). Conclusions: MMR vaccine can be safely administered to children with mild egg allergy, hence admission for vaccination in the hospital is not warranted. Risk stratification is required to ensure only infants with severe reactions will be admitted for vaccination.
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

No abstract available.
Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Measles* ; Mumps* ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Rubella*

OBJECTIVE: To document the the processes and outcomes of a measles-rubella supplemental immunization activity implemented in Pasay City, Philippines.
METHODS: Review of proceedings of meetings, memoranda, manuals, and reports. Interviews with field monitors, supervisors and vaccination teams, and key members of the project technical group.
RESULTS: A total of 60,685 children age 9 to >72 months were reached during the campaign, representing 75% of the estimated eligible population. On the other hand, 1,453 children were unimmunized because of [a] scheduled or documented prior immunization with a measles-containing vaccine (n = 1,154), and [b] refusal of parents due to religious or cultural reasons (n = 237). The successful completion of the measles-rubella supplemental immunization activity (MR-SIA) was grounded on appropriate timing of project implementation; a clearly identified problem; the existence of linkages between stakeholders at the national and sub-national level; strong local chief executive support; the availability of resources to support project implementation; a clear policy statement; and implementation policy guided by an organizational structure and tailored project plans.
CONCLUSION: In this paper, we have shown that the success of public health programs and projects rely not only on technical soundness of the intervention or adequate resource mobilization, but require wide grassroots support that is guided by an able leadership and clear policy.

Child ; Measles Vaccine ; Leadership ; Public Health ; Measles ; Rubella ; Rubella Vaccine ; Immunization ; Vaccination ; Parents

BACKGROUND: Although several methods have been attempted in the treatment of warts, the traditional destructive method may be painful or ineffective and induce disfiguring scars. Therefore, a more tolerable method with fewer drawbacks is needed. OBJECTIVE: We studied the therapeutic effect of intralesional immunotherapy using the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and factors affecting it in patients with warts. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 207 patients with various types of warts, who did not meet the exclusion criteria for treatment and were followed-up from January 2011 to December 2013. Patients with warts were treated at 2-week intervals, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated 1 month after the final treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 123 (59.5%) patients experienced a greater than half reduction in the size and number of warts. In addition, younger patients (under the age of 20) (p=0.008) and those with common warts (including periungual warts) (p=0.02) showed significantly higher treatment responses. All patients complained of transient mild pain during the intralesional injections, but other side effects were rarely observed. Only 3.2% of patients who experienced a complete response had a recurrence more than 6 months after the final treatment. CONCLUSION: We suggest that intralesional immunotherapy with MMR vaccine can be considered as a primary remedy for patients who are sensitive to pain, especially children with multiple lesions, are concerned about serious side effects, or have common warts, and that treatment response will be improved by increasing the number of applications.
Child ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Immunotherapy* ; Injections, Intralesional ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Mumps* ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Rubella ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Warts*

No abstract available.
Antibody Formation* ; Child* ; Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Immunization* ; Measles ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine* ; Mumps ; Rubella ; Vaccination

BACKGROUND: Warts, caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), are mucocutaneous proliferations controlled by cell-mediated immunity. Intralesional immunotherapy with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, is postulated to induce a higher immune response for clearance of lesions.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety and effect on recurrence of intralesional MMR vaccine for the treatment of warts.
METHODS: We searched online databases for randomized controlled trials on intralesional MMR vaccine for warts. Effects measured were the complete clearance of target and distant warts, adverse events noted and recurrence after treatment duration.
RESULTS: Four RCTs comparing intralesional MMR vaccine and placebo were assessed. Meta-analysis showed a risk ratio of 0.24 [95% CI: 0.18, 0.34] favoring intralesional MMR vaccine and a highly significant difference in completely clearing target warts (P-value <0.00001) versus placebo. Three of the 4 trials assessed response of distant warts showing a risk ratio of 0.28 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.96] and a significant difference (P=0.04) versus placebo. Pain and flu-like symptoms were the most common side effects with no recurrence seen after 3-6 months.
CONCLUSIONS: Intralesional MMR vaccine significantly reduces and clears target and distant warts as compared to placebo. It is a generally safe intervention with lasting effect assessed up to 6 months follow-up.

Human ; Warts ; Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccine ; Follow-up Studies ; Immunotherapy ; Rubella ; Immunity, Cellular

BACKGROUND: The risk of rubella infection is higher among hospital employees than others because of more exposure to rubella viruses. Because rubella infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome, special preventive measures should be taken for female employees in the hospital. METHODS: 309 employees in Soonchunhyang Kumi Hospital, aged from 18 to 45 years old, were included this study. Rubella IgG antibody was detected by the method of MEIA (microparticle enzyme immunoassay). And non-immunized employees were received by Wister RA 27/3 rubella vaccination and rechecked rubella antibody titers at 2 months later after vaccination. RESULTS: Among 309 subjects, 276(89.3%) were positive for rubella IgG antibody. The overall mean titer of rubella antibody was 72 IU/mL (SD: 67 IU/mL). The rubella antibody in titer decreased gradually with aging. The seroconversion rate after vaccination was 100%(28/28). CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend that the employees susceptible to rubella or all employees in the hospital should be vaccinated for preventing rubella.
Aging ; Cross Infection* ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ; Rubella Vaccine ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella* ; Vaccination*

BACKGROUND: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can be controlled by vaccination. Because rubella is typically a childhood disease, occurring predominantly in the 5 to 14 year age group, female school teachers may be a high-risk population for CRS. CONCLUSIONS: To determine the prevalence rate of rubella antibodies in school teachers of child bearing age. METHODS: The study population consisted of primary, middle and high school teachers of child bearing age. The subjects were aged 35 years and younger, and consented to immunoglobulin (Ig) level testing using the ELISA method. RESULTS: The positive rate of IgG was 77.9% in the study subjects (n=314). Sixty-three teachers (21.4%) were susceptible to rubella infection. Thirty-seven teachers (11.8%) had a history of rubella vaccination. Among the female teachers with no vaccination history, the proportion of negative IgM and IgG was 21.7%, and the proportion of positive IgM was 2.9%. Seventy-nine percent of the study subjects did not know that they should not become pregnant for three months after receiving the rubella vaccine. CONCLUSION: School teachers of child bearing age should be considered a high risk group for CRS, and should be vaccinated if they are found to be seronegative.
Antibodies* ; Child* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Jeju-do* ; Prevalence* ; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital ; Rubella Vaccine ; Rubella* ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: With the implementation of measles vaccination programs, the number of patients with measles has decreased. However, epidemics still occur with high morbidity in infants less than 1 year of age. This fact calls for the establishment of optimal preventive measures against measles. The study was carried out to determine the effect of measles vaccination on an infant immunized before one year of age, any the measles immunity conferred by MMR. METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy infants (13.7 +/- 1.8 months) were immunized with the MMR vaccine (Triviraten Berna : Edmonston-Zagreb strain, Rubini strain, Wistar RA 27/3 strain), 50 of the infants have received measles vaccine before turning one-year old. The antibody titers of measles-specific IgG were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The antibody titers before and after MMR vaccination were significantly higher in infants previously immunized with measles vaccine compared to those not immunized. However, the greater number of infants not previously immunized with measles vaccine showed significant increase of measles antibody titers after MMR vaccination compared to those previously immunized with measles vaccine. Measles vaccine failure occurred in 6 infants (12.0%), all of whom acquired measles immunity following MMR vaccination. Measles immunogenicity to MMR did not differ with respect to the age of previous measles vaccination. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that measles vaccination in infants less than 1 year of age will not decrease the measles immunity following MMR vaccination, and it is suitable to vaccinate against measles in infants between 6-12 months of age, if needed.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Immunization* ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infant ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Vaccination*

PURPOSE: With the implementation of measles vaccination programs, the number of patients with measles has decreased. However, epidemics still occur with high morbidity in infants less than 1 year of age. This fact calls for the establishment of optimal preventive measures against measles. The study was carried out to determine the effect of measles vaccination on an infant immunized before one year of age, any the measles immunity conferred by MMR. METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy infants (13.7 +/- 1.8 months) were immunized with the MMR vaccine (Triviraten Berna : Edmonston-Zagreb strain, Rubini strain, Wistar RA 27/3 strain), 50 of the infants have received measles vaccine before turning one-year old. The antibody titers of measles-specific IgG were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The antibody titers before and after MMR vaccination were significantly higher in infants previously immunized with measles vaccine compared to those not immunized. However, the greater number of infants not previously immunized with measles vaccine showed significant increase of measles antibody titers after MMR vaccination compared to those previously immunized with measles vaccine. Measles vaccine failure occurred in 6 infants (12.0%), all of whom acquired measles immunity following MMR vaccination. Measles immunogenicity to MMR did not differ with respect to the age of previous measles vaccination. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that measles vaccination in infants less than 1 year of age will not decrease the measles immunity following MMR vaccination, and it is suitable to vaccinate against measles in infants between 6-12 months of age, if needed.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Immunization* ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infant ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Vaccination*