Objective To investigate the incidence,primary disease and vascular access of the initial hemodialysis patients in Shanxi province during 2010-2011.Methods A total of 3434 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients starting their first-time hemodialysis in Shanxi province during 2010-2011 were surveyed.Their data were registered in Chinese national renal data system.All related data were collected from Chinese national renal data system.Results In Shanxi province,1514 cases began hemodialysis in 2010 and the annual incidence was 46.62 per million people (pmp),1920 cases began hemodialysis in 2011 and the annual incidence was 53.44 pmp.The most common causes of CRF in these hemodialysis patients were glomerulonephritis (62.4％),diabetic nephropathy (22.0％),and hypertensive nephrosclerosis (8.1％).The most popular vascular access in CRF patients at the beginning of hemodialysis was temporary central venous catheter (48.9％),then arteriovenous fistula (40.9％).Conclusions In Shanxi province,maintenance hemodialysis patients are increasing and there are more male patients.Main causes of ESRD patients on hemodialysis are chronic glomerulonephritis,diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive nephrosclerosis.The major vascular access of CRF patients at the beginning of hemodialysis is temporary central venous catheter,which indicates that delayed hemodialysis is still a glaring problem in Shanxi province.

Objective To observe the protective effect of different doses sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as a donor of hydrogen sulfide on renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI).Methods Twenty-eight healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups,namely sham operation (Sham) group (n =7),renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) group (n =7),sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) high dose group (n=7),sodium hydrosulfide low dose group (n=7).After excision of the right kidney,two dose NaHS group (300 nmol/min,1.5 μmol/min) received 15-minute continuous administration via left renal artery.Sham group and IR group received same volume of saline.Five minutes after stopping drug,the left renal pedicle in NaHS group and IR group was clipped with no damage arteriole occlusion.After 45 minutes blockade,a model of acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury was established.Sham group underwent the same procedure as model groups without clamping the left renal artery.Specimens of renal tissue and blood were harvested at 24-hour after blood flow restore in the kidney.BUN and Scr were measured.Kidney pathological damage was semi-quantitatively analyzed.Production of H2S in renal tissue was detected.Expression of cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β synthase (CBS) mRNA in kidney tissue was examined by real-time PCR.Results Compared with sham group,BUN and Scr increased significantly (P＜0.01),kidney tissue H2S production decreased significantly (P＜0.01),mRNA expression of CSE and CBS down-regulated significantly (P＜0.01) in IR group.The kidney pathology of sham group was normal,while acute tubular necrosis was found in IR group.Compared with IR group,BUN and Scr decreased significantly (P＜0.01),kidney tissue H2S production increased significantly (P＜0.05),mRNA expression of CSE and CBS up-regulated significantly (P＜0.01) in NaHS groups.Pathological damage of acute tubular necrosis was significantly improved in NaHS pretreatment group.There was no significant difference between two NaHS doses groups.Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide has a protective effect on renal IRI.

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics of loratadine in healthy volunteers after single and multiple oral administrations of loratadine, paracetamol and pseudoephedrine (LPP) sustained-release tablets.METHODS: Twenty-four volunteers were randomized into two groups which included six men and six women in each group. In the single dose design, volunteers received either one or two tablet (s) of LPP. After 1 wk wash out period, volunteers of one tablet group participated in multiple dose design in which each volunteer received one tablet of LPP twice per day for six consecutive days. The concentrations of loratadine in plasma were determined by HPLC-MS method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. RESULTS: In the single dose design, main pharmacokinetic parameters of one and two tablet group were as follow: cmax were ( 1.5 ±groups were similar to each other. The obtained multi-dose pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUCssrespectively. D (F) was (3.3 ± 0.8) %. The pharmacokinetics of loratadine was linear. There were no significant difference in pharmacokinetics between single-dose and multi-dose. CONCLUSION: The release and absorption of loratadine in experimental tablet are close to those in loratadine tablet and not affected by the other two components, pseudoephedrine and paracetamol, in LPP sustained release tablet.

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations of coexistent rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)(Rhupus syndrome).Methods Clinical data from a patient with Rhupus syndrome were analyzed combined with literature review.Results The patient was a middle-aged female,who presented with features of RA and developed features of SLE 7 years later.Renal involvement in common cases is rare but presented in our patient with severe renal dysfunction.The patient showed part remission with glucocorticosteroids and cyclophosphamide therapy.Conclusion Rhupus syndrome is a rare condition sharing features of RA and SLE.These patients present with features of one disease but later on develop features of another.Glucocorticosteroids and immune suppressors are effective.Appreciation of these patients with rhupus is important since their therapy and outcome differ from those having RA or SLE alone.

Objective Proteomics changes from the proteserum which isolated from the rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury are detected and investigated by the matrix-assisted UV laser desorption ionization time of flight mass sperctra (MALDI-TOF MS). Methods After the establishment of rat renal ischemia-reperfusion model,the serum samples which we selected respectively in 6,12,24 hours after reperfusion in each group were detected by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. And the peptide fingerprint which existed differences in each group were analyzed to identify.SPSS13.0 software was used to the analysis the data. At the same time,we used Mascot Search to determine their nature in protein database. Results ①the serum which was analyzed by IMAC-Cu bead was detected and had statistically significant peptide fingerprint in the m/z 2481 Da.②the results obtained from peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) were analyzed by Mascot search program for protein identification. We identified it as rat fibrinogen fragment.Conclusion Fibrinogen in kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury plays an important role.

Objective To investigate the effect of intermedin (IMD) on tubular cells apoptosis induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its associated mechanism.Methods A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (control group, I/R group, empty plasmid group and IMD group). One week after the removal of right kidney, ultrasound plasmid was used to transfect empty or IMD plasmid into the left kidney. Renal I/R model was made by clasping the left renal artery for 45 minutes. Tubular cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL. Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Fas was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Activity of caspase-8 and caspase-9 was evaluated with commercially available kits respectively.Protein level of caspase-3 was measured by Western blotting analysis. Results Compared with control group, apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells, expression of Bax and Fas, activities of caspase-8 and caspase-9, as well as protein level of caspase-3 were all significantly increased in I/R group (all P＜0.05). IMD pre-treatment significantly inhibited all these effects (all P＜0.05). There were no differences of above parameters between empty plasmid group and I/R group. Conclusion IMD pre-treatment protects against renal I/R injury by inhibion of tubular epithelial cell apoptosis.

The effects of SB203580 (SB) with different concentrations at different time points on renal function, apoptosis, P38MAPK activity and the expression, as well as the P38MAPK substrates in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury were investigated. Forty-nine rats were divided into 7 groups at random (n = 7 in each group) according to the durations of ischemia/reperfusion injury and the time of medication. Based on the orthogonal Latin side, the rats were injected, by caudal vein, with the same volume but different dosages of SB. BUN and Scr were determined. The apoptosis was detected with TUNEL kit. The protein was assayed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively by Western blot. The results showed that SB could significantly reduce the increased Scr and BUN, the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelia and the activation of P38MAPK all caused by renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). And the effect was most predominant when SB was given 3 h before renal ischemia. This suggested that SB could significantly alleviate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Administration of SB 3 h before ischemia at the concentration of 5 micromol/L could obtain an optimal effect.
Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Imidazoles/*pharmacology ; Kidney/*blood supply ; Kidney/pathology ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury/enzymology ; Reperfusion Injury/*pathology ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism

Objective To investigate the mortality,hemodialysis duration and causes of death of maintenance hemodialysis patients in Shanxi province from Jan 2010 to Dec 2012.Methods The information data of Shanxi hemodialysis patients during 2010-2012 were exported from Chinese national renal data system.Mortality,hemodialysis duration and causes of death of maintenance hemodialysis patients were analyzed.Results Mortality of maintenance hemodialysis patients in Shanxi province in 2010 was 7.4％,and it was decreased to 6.4％ in 2011 and 6.8％ in 2012.Death patients with hemodialysis for less than 2 years accounted for 68.1％,and hemodialysis patients who could be maintained for more than 5 years only accounted for 8.1％.The main causes of mortality were sudden death (23.5％),cerebrovascular events (21.2％),heart failure(12.4％),myocardial infarction/ arrhythmia(6.5％),hemorrhagic disease(5.1％) and infection(4.9％).Conclusions Mortality of maintenance hemodialysis patients in Shanxi province is 6.4％ to 7.4％.Cardiovascular and cerebral vascular events are the main causes of death.

Objective To study the expression of TGF-?1 and CTGF and the prevention effects of leflunomide in diabetic nephropathy rats,and to study the mechanism of curing DN of leflunomide.Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups : control group,diabetic model group,diabetes treated with leflunomide group.After being removed the right renal of rats,diabetic model was created by injecting STZ(40mg/kg),while control group received identical volum of citrate buffer solution.When the model was established,rats in the leflunomide-treated group were daily garvage of leflunomide(5mg/kg).The same capacity saline was given to control group and diabetic model group.24-hour urine volume and 24-hour urine protein were determined after eight and twelve weeks,as well as serum creatinine and urea nitrogen.The kidney sections were studied for pathological changes with light microscopy.The expression of TGF-?1 and CTGF was determined by immunohistochemistry respectively.Results With the course extending,immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expression of TGF-?1 and CTGF increased significantly in DN group,as compared with control group,while TGF-?1 and CTGF reduced in diabetes treated with leflunomide group(P

Objective To observe the effect of intermedin (IMD) preconditioning on cyclin D1, cyclin E and CDKs expression, and explore its role in.promoting kidney tissue regeneration after renal ischemiareperfusion injury. Methods One hundred and forty-four healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation (S) group, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) group, empty plasmid (EP) group and IMD group. In the IR group, after the right kidney was excised, the aorta abdominalis and left renal artery were bluntly dissected in EP and IMD group, empty plasmid and IMD plasmid were transfected into the left kidney using ultrasound-micro-bubble (SonoVue) mediated system, respectively. One week later, renal IRI model was made by clasping the left renal artery for 45 min. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 day of reperfusion, the kidney in each group was collected to detect the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4 and CDK2 by western blot analysis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with S group, the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4 and CDK2 was significantly up-regulated in day 1, 2,3, 4, 7 and 14 in IR group. And the above index increased gradually after reperfusion, and reached the peak at day 7 (F=54.92, 69.60, 61.28, 77.38, P＜0.05). While in IMD group, these indexes reached the peak at day 1, then progressively declined, and could not be detected at day 14 (compared with the IR group, F=54.92, 69.60, 61.28, 77.38, P＜0.05). Conclusion IMD preconditioning can up-regulate the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK2 and CDK4 in the early phase of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury that may accelerate repair of renal tissue, at least by part, by enhancinge cell proliferation.