No abstract available.
Rivers*

In comparison with other hazards of anesthesia, fires and explosions occur very infrequently because of precautions for their prevention so that they are relatively insignificant. The authors had experience of a case of explosion with fire in an oxygen delivery tube and the wrapping cloth of the oxygen cylinder. A piece of plaster used for prevention of leakage from the oxygen delivery tube occluded the filter in a pin-index system of an anesthesia machine. It is suspected that adiabatic compression may produce a momentary temperature of over 900 degrees C in an occluding part, thus igniting minute particles detached by the gas stream from the walls of the oxygen delivery tube. In case of malfunctioning in anesthetic apparatus, it should be repaired only by expert engineers.
Anesthesia* ; Explosions ; Fires ; Oxygen* ; Rivers

OBJECTIVE: It is still the important subject that 3D visualizing of medical images to help patient diagnose. There were many challenges for fast 3D visualization but it has some limitations that volume rendering without high price's hardware and software. Some techniques through the web were suggested to construct high quality's 3D visualization even though it was an only poor personal computer. This technique could share the volume rendering board and diagnose 3D images together. However there are some problems to construct web based 3D visualization. These are network delay, optimized visualization and security etc. The purpose of this paper was to visualize and control the 3D medical image having a high quality on the web. METHODS: To construct this system, we used mainly three tools which were VolumePro1000 board, WMV9(Windows Media Video 9 Codec) and socket functions based on TCP(Transmission Control Protocol). VolumePro1000 board could calculate quickly heavy matrixes of 3D images using phong's shading and shear-warp factorization. WMV9 was able to compress efficiently live images and to apply image streaming technique. Socket functions based on TCP transmitted messages to control the 3D images. RESULTS: We developed 3D visualization system and evaluated about image qualities and transmission conditions of different compression rates on unfixed network condition. CONCLUSION: It was big advantages that WMV9 encoder could decode automatically in many platforms(desk top, PDA, notebook, cellular phone, etc) without installing specific decoding programs if they only have Windows Media player. We expect 3D visualization system to be utilized various biomedical fields such as IIGS(Interactive Image Guided Surgery), CAD(Computer Aided Diagnosis) and Tele-medicine technologies.
Cellular Phone ; Humans ; Microcomputers ; Rivers*

This study was to optically visualize the cavitation bubbles produced by a clinical shock wave and to look into their geometric features of the resulting cavitation bubbles in relation to the driving shock wave field. A clinical shock wave therapeutic system was taken for shock wave production. The shock wave induced cavitation bubbles were captured by a professional camera under the illumination of a micro-pulse LED light. The light exposure was set to last for the whole life time of bubbles from formation to subsequent collapses. It was shown that the cavitation bubbles appeared mostly in the vicinity of the focus. The bubbles became more and larger as approaching to the focus. The cavitation bubbles formed jet streams which became enlarged (stronger) as the shock wave device output setting increased. The bubble cloud boundary was reasonably fitted to an elongated ellipsoid characteristically similar to the acoustic focal area. The bubble clouds were enlarged as the output setting increased. The geometric features of the cavitation bubbles characteristically similar to those of the focusing acoustic field have potential to provide the therapeutic focal information without time consuming hydrophone measurements of the shock wave field causing damages of the expensive sensor. The present study is limited to the static afterimages of the cavitation bubbles and investigation including the bubble dynamics is suggested to deliver the more realistic therapeutic area of the shock wave therapy.
Acoustics ; Afterimage ; Lighting ; Rivers ; Shock*

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of desensitizing agents applied on hypersensitive root surface following periodontal treatment. This study included 21 subjects(168 vital teeth). To evaluate dentin sensitivity, three clinical tests(tactile, air stream, cold water) were tried and three different densensitizing agents(MS coat, Elmex gel, Superseal) were individually applied. After application, reassessment was done at 1 minute, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. The results were as follows: 1. The degree of dentin sensitivity was measured highly in the sequence of cold water, air stream and tactile and significantly decreased in all four groups with lapse of time(p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference between all four groups in the tactile test with lapse of time. 3. There was no significant difference between three experimental groups in the air stream test with lapse of time. however, one minute later, it was measured highly in the sequence of Superseal, MS coat and Elmex 4. There was no significant difference between three experimental groups in the cold water test with lapse of time. As a result of this study, all of three agents were significantly effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity and these agents could be positively employed to patients complaining of dentin hypersensitivity following periodontal treatment.
Dentin Sensitivity ; Humans ; Rivers ; Water

This study was carried out to investigate the heavy metal contents and their correlations between paddy soil and brown rice near the Kum-River area. In this study, eighty soil samples and forty brown rice samples were taken from the paddy soil. The contents of heavy metals were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were as follows: 1. The average contents of soluble heavy metals in surface soil were Cd 0.19, Cu 15.31, Zn 18.10 and Pb 9.08 ppm. The average contents of soluble heavy metals in subsurface soil were Cd 0.19, Cu 14.52, Zn 17.75 and Pb8.11 ppm. There wan no statistically significant difference between the two layers. 2. The contents of Cu, Zn and Pb of Taejeon(S6) and Cd of Sinbyung(S5) in surface soil were higher than those of other areas. The contents of Cd and Cu of Taejeon(S6) and Zn and Pb of Kumnam(S3) in brown rice were higher than those of other areas and four heavy metals in soil and brown rice of Simchon(S7) were lower than those of other areas. 3. The ratio of soluble contents(Cd : Cu : Zn : Pb) in surface soil was 1 : 79 : 93 : 47, that of soluble contents in subsurface soil was 1 : 79 : 94 : 43, and that of total contents in brown rice was 1 : 84 : 294 : 12. 4. The correlations of the content between soluble heavy metals in surface(0-15 cm depth) soil total heavy metals in brown rice was found to be order of Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb. The correlations of the content between soluble heavy metals in subsurface(20-30 cm depth) soil and total heavy metals in brown rice was found to be order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb.
Metals, Heavy ; Rivers* ; Soil* ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection in people living within 5 km of the Youngsan River basin, to develop an educational program to prevent the infection, and to examine the effects of the educational program. METHODS: This study employed a one group pretest-posttest design, the subjects were 384. This study was conducted from November 20, 2008 to June 16, 2009. The results were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Of the residents, 5.7% were infected with Clonorchis sinensis and the knowledge level about the prevention of Clonorchis sinensis was improved significantly from 9.75+/-5.12 points before the education to 15.05+/-2.43 points after the education. One of the important effects was that the willingness to eat raw fresh-water fish was reduced after the education. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, a continuous research needs to be conducted on how education and knowledge level-up change people's living attitudes for the prevention of Clonorchis sinensis infection and the reduction of the infection rate in the future.
Clonorchis sinensis* ; Education ; Intention ; Korea* ; Prevalence* ; Rivers*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between LLFDI and quality of sleep in older men with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms. METHODS: The secondary analysis of data collected for the 2nd stage BK(Brain Korea)21 project was performed. The original data were collected using a cross-sectional, face-to-face, and private interview method. The questionnaires consisted of prostatic hypertrophic symptoms, late-life function and disability, quality of sleep, and demographic profiles. RESULTS: A total of 112 older men included in this study. The major findings of this study were as follow; 1) 29.5% of participants had more than moderate symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy. 2) There were a significant positive correlation of prostatic hypertrophic symptoms with subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction found, whereas there was a negative relationship with frequency dimension. 3) The LLFDI is significantly associated with urgency, weak stream, and intermittency. The quality of sleep is significantly associated with weak stream which explained 11.2% of variance. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to a better understanding late-life function and disability, quality of sleep in older men with prostatic hypertrophic symptoms. Therefore, health programs for prompting older men's health should be planned based on results of the study.
Humans ; Male ; Men's Health ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Rivers

Measurements of humeri from the Crystal River archaeological skeletal population (78 individuals) were analyzed. This canoe population from Central Florida dated from 12,000 to 7,000 B.P. The incidence of septal aperture was inversely related to cortical thickness differences but not related to the variables of skeletal robustness. The incidence of septal aperture and cortical thikness were significantly different by sex. The incidence of septal aperture was 2.5 times greater in females than in males. The mean of the cortical thickness was 5.28 mm in males and 2.64 mm in female. The sex and cortical difference explained the incidence of septal aperture up to 33.1%. These findings may suggest that the incidence of septal aperture in this population is related to nutritional stress experienced during childhood that remained on the humeri of adult females.
Adult ; Female ; Florida* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Rivers*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of infrared for lengthening applying time of cold-jet stream therapy without cold pain. METHOD: Each of the two methods of cryotherapy, cold-jet stream (CS) and cold-jet stream combined with infrared therapy (CSCI), was applied to the medial aspect of 32 volunteers' knees. The first phase was the required time that skin was dropped to 10oC with CS/CSCI. The second phase was the time for rewarming to 20oC without CS/CSCI. The third phase was the required time that skin dropped to 10degrees C again with CS/CSCI. The fourth phase was the time for re-warming to 20oC again without CS/CSCI. RESULTS: The required time which cold pain appeared after CS/CSCI were 51.3 sec and 62.3 sec, respectively, with significance (p<0.01). In CS and CSCI, first phase was 71.6 sec and 90.7 sec, respectively, and third phase was 33.2 sec and 39.9 sec, respectively (p<0.01). At second and fourth phases, it took 46.9 sec and 56.6 sec in CS (p<0.01), and took 46.9 sec and 54.6 sec in CSCI (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: As compared with CS, CSCI delayed sensation time of cold pain and prolonged application time of CS at the knee.
Cryotherapy ; Knee* ; Rewarming ; Rivers* ; Sensation ; Skin