1.Energy and protein intakes are associated with stunting among preschool children in Central Jakarta, Indonesia: a case-control study
Sandra Fikawati ; Ahmad Syafiq ; Rienzy Kholifatur Ririyanti ; Syilga Cahya Gemily
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 2021;27(No.1):81-91
Introduction: Stunting is a major nutritional problem in Indonesia. The prevalence
of stunting in DKI Jakarta province was relatively high at 27.5% in 2013 and 17.7%
in 2018. This study aims to describe nutrient intakes of children aged 25-30 months
and to determine the proportional differences in nutrient intakes between stunting
and normal children in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A case-control study
with a total sample of 121 children aged 25-30 months was conducted in Gambir and
Sawah Besar sub-districts, Central Jakarta, where the prevalence of stunting was
high. All children were exclusively breastfed for at least four months and had similar
socio-economic levels. Data collected included height measurement, questionnairebased interview, and 24-hour food recall. T-test and chi-square test were used to
investigate the differences between two groups and logistic regression was used in
multivariate analysis. Results: Factors associated with stunting were energy intake
(AOR=6.0; 95% CI=1.0-35.0) and protein intake (AOR=4.0; 95% CI=1.1-15.5) after
controlling for fat, carbohydrate, vitamin C, iron, and zinc intakes. The percentage of
children with energy intake below the recommendation was much higher in stunted
children (86.1%) compared to normal children (43.5%). Similarly, the percentage
of children with protein intake below the recommendation was very much higher
among stunted children (30.6%) compared to 8.2% in normal children. Conclusion:
Children who lacked energy and protein intakes were at a higher risk of stunting
than children who had sufficient intakes. Macronutrient intakes are important and
should be consumed in sufficient quantities every day to prevent stunting.