Aims: This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with bio-control potential against Rhizoctonia solani and promoting growth in chilli seedlings. Methodology: A total of 120 fluorescent bacterial were isolated from the healthy chilli rhizosphere soil from the seven major chilli cultivation localities in Terengganu, Malaysia. Only 115 Gram negative fluorescent isolates were further invitro screened for antagonistic activities against R. solani and plant growth-promoting properties. The 50 most effective fluorescent Pseudomonads antagonist against R. solani with minimum percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of 65% were selected. Hierarchical cluster analysis was further conducted with two dendrograms derived from SPSS Statistic 20 to facilitate the comparison between these 50 isolates for antagonistic and growth-promoting properties. A total of 40 fluorescent isolates within the most potential cluster were further selected and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Thirty four fluorescent isolates were identified as Pseudomonas spp. and six isolates as Burkholderia spp. The top 13 ranked fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from the scoring index were evaluated for seed germination and vigor index in chilli seedlings. There was no significant difference in germination rate between fluorescent Pseudomonas inoculated with control. However, vigor index of chilli seeds pre-inoculated with fluorescent P. putida (B5C1), P. aeruginosa (B3C56) and P. putida (B5C7) were significantly increased with 4684.9, 4657.3 and 4401.0 over control (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion, significance and impact of study These selected fluorescent isolates: P. putida (B5C1), P. aeruginosa (B3C56) and P. putida (B5C7) have the potential to be developed as biofungicide against R. solani and as growthpromoter in chilli production system.
Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Rhizoctonia ; Seedlings

Two fungal isolates obtained from roots of Cymbidium goeriingii in Jeju island were confirmed to be symbiotic with orchid plantlets, and were compared with other orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungi previously isolated. The two isolates differed in their peloton structures formed in the roots of Cymbidium kanran hybrid 'Chungsu' and in responses of orchid plant. These two isolates differed from the additionally tested OM fungi in some features, and from root damaging species of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium as based on cluster analysis after PCR-RAPD with the primers, Bioneer-28 and OPO-2. With this simple and fast technique, it was possible to distinguish OM fungi from the plant root pathogenic fungi based on calculation of their polymorphic bands. This technique can therefore be helpful to distinguish the OM fungi from the root pathogens. Particularly, the new isolates are considered as new resource of symbiotic fungi for horticultural industries.
Fungi* ; Fusarium ; Mycorrhizae ; Plant Roots ; Plants ; Rhizoctonia

Trollius chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China, the wild resource of T. chinensis are now exhausted, and commercial medicinal T. chinensis mainly depends on artificial cultivation. As one of the most severely happened diseases at the seedling period, damping off has been a serious threaten to the breeding of T. chinensis seedlings. However, no related research have been reported so far. So, the authors collected damping-off samples of T. chinensis in 2018 from seedling breeding nursery in Guyuan, Hebei province, and carried out study on taxonomic identification of the pathogen. Damping off occurs in the T. chinensis production area from mid-May to late June every year. At the beginning, brown lesions were observed on the basal stem, then the lesions circumferential expanded and constricted, and finally resulted in the fall and death of T. chinensis seedlings. Pathogenic isolate was growing rapidly on the PDA medium, well developed aerial mycelia were grey white at first, then turned brown gradually, and a great number of small dark brown sclerotia were developed in the middle and periphery of the colony. Mycelial diameter of the pathogen was about 7 to 10 μm, near right angle or acute angle branches, near branches with septa, branches and septa with constriction. After the healthy T. chinensis seedlings were inoculated by pathogenic isolate, damping-off was observed soon, and the symptom was as same as those observed in the field. Through homogenous blast, the rDNA-ITS sequence of the pathogenic isolate shown 99.49% to 99.84% homology with Rhizoctonia solani, R. solani AG-1 IC mycelium anastomosis group and Thanatephorus cucumeris, the sexual type of Rhizoctonia. Furthermore, obvious mycelial anastomosis phenomena were observed when the pathogenic isolate and R. solani AG-1 IC strain were confronting cultured. Based on the results above, the pathogenic isolate causing damping off of T. chinensis was identified as R. solani AG-1 IC mycelial anastomosis group. RESULTS:: in the present work have important significance for further research on basic biology of the pathogen and integrated control of damping off causing by it on T. chinensis.
Basidiomycota ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Diseases ; Rhizoctonia ; Seedlings

In order to find an environment-friendly method to suppress astragal stem rot caused by the isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 1 and AG 4, we tested an antagonistic fungus Gliocladium virens G1 was evaluated as a biocontrol agent and estimated inorganic compounds and organic materials were tested for their effect of the disease suppression. G. virens G1 effectively inhibited mycelial growth in a dual culture and caused mycelial lysis in the culture filtrate. No adverse effect was observed when examined for seed germination and seedling growth. Promoted seedling growth was observed with the seed treatment. Seeds of astragal plant were germinated higher in the sterile soil than the natural soil. Of 14 inorganics tested, alum, aluminum sulfate and calcium oxide significantly suppressed the mycelial growth and sclerotial germination. Milled pine bark and oak sawdust also suppressed the mycelial growth. Soil amended with 1% of G. virens G1 composted with pine bark (w/v) significantly controlled astragal stem rot in the glasshouse experiments.
Aluminum ; Calcium ; Fungi ; Germination ; Gliocladium* ; Hypocrea* ; Plants ; Rhizoctonia* ; Seedlings ; Soil*

OBJECTIVETo isolate and identify pathogen of the seedling blight occurred in Platycodon grandiflorum.

METHODThe morphological observation, rDNA ITS sequence analysis, and Koch's postulates were used to identify the isolates of the causal agent.

RESULTThe isolates of the causal agent was Rhizoctonia solani.

CONCLUSIONThe result confirmed that R. solani is the pathogen of seedling blight of P. grandiflorum.

Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; Platycodon ; microbiology ; Rhizoctonia ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Seedlings ; microbiology

To select active bacterial strains to control plant diseases, 57 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of the plants growing in various areas such as coast, middle and top of Halla Mountain in Jeju Island. Anti-fungal effect of isolated bactrial strains was tested in vitro by incubating in potato dextrose agar with isolates of four fungal plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. orbiculare, respectively. Thirty-four bacterial strains inhibited the hyphal growth of the plant pathogens, from which 17 strains inhibited one of the tested fungi, 10 strains two fungi, six strains three and a strain TRL2-3 inhibited all of the tested fungi. Some bacterial strains could inhibit weakly the hyphal growth of the plant pathogens, whereas some did very strongly with apparent inhibition zone between the plant pathogens and bacterial strains indicating the unfavorable condition for hyphal growth. Although there was no apparent inhibition zone, some bacterial strains showed a strong suppression of hyphal growth of plant pathogens. Especially, the inhibition by TRL2-3 was remarkably strong in all cases of the tested plant pathogens in this study that could be a possible candidate for biological control of various plant diseases.
Agar ; Colletotrichum ; Fungi ; Fusarium ; Glucose ; Plant Diseases ; Plants* ; Rhizoctonia ; Rhizosphere ; Solanum tuberosum

Herein, we report the first occurrence of web blight of rosemary caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IB in Gangneung, Gangwon Province, Korea, in August 2014. The leaf tissues of infected rosemary plants were blighted and white mycelial growth was seen on the stems. The fungus was isolated from diseased leaf tissue and cultured on potato dextrose agar for identification. The young hyphae had acute angular branching near the distal septum of the multinucleate cells and mature hyphal branches formed at an approximately 90degrees angle. This is morphologically identical to R. solani AG-1-IB, as per previous reports. rDNA-ITS sequences of the fungus were homologous to those of R. solani AG-1-IB isolates in the GenBank database with a similarity percentage of 99%, thereby confirming the identity of the causative agent of the disease. Pathogenicity of the fungus in rosemary plants was also confirmed by Koch's postulates.
Agar ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Fungi ; Gangwon-do ; Glucose ; Hyphae ; Korea ; Rhizoctonia* ; Rosmarinus ; Solanum tuberosum ; Virulence

Ginseng damping-off, caused by the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium sp., is a critical disease in ginseng seedling. In a continuing effort to find microorganisms with the potential of acting as a biocontrol agent against Rhizoctonia damping-off, we found that a Streptomyces sp. A501 showed significant antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. In field experiment to test the efficacy of Streptomyces sp. A501 in controlling ginseng damping-off, the incidence of damping-off disease was meaningfully reduced when ginseng seeds were soaked in the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. A501 before sowing. To perform characterization of the antifungal compound, we isolated it from the culture broth of strain A501 through Diaion HP-20 and silica gel column chromatographies and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the antifungal compound was assigned as fungichromin by spectroscopic methods, mainly nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass analysis.
Chromatography ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Panax* ; Pythium ; Rhizoctonia ; Seedlings ; Silica Gel ; Streptomyces*

The eleven isolates were isolated from the roots of Cymbidium goeriingii inhabited in the island of Cheju and from Cypripeium calceolus inhabited in the mountains around ChungPuk. The isolates were inoculated to the plantlets of commercial orchids and evaluated to be symbiotic with the orchids. Also, their genomic DNA was extracted from the cultures on the agars and reacted with the primers selected, understanding their biological relations with the pathogenic fungi. Out of eleven isolates, three were observed to stimulate the growth of the orchid plantlets and to be biologically related to the orchid symbiotic fungi, as based on the analyses of PCR-RAPD. Otherwise, the others were observed to decline the growth of orchid plantlet, compared with those of control, and to be grouped with the pathogenic. As based on the results of this work, the roots of C. goeriingii were found to be frequently infected with the pathogenic fungus rather than with symbiotic fungus in natural systems. Further, the infection of the commercial orchid with the pathogens was believed to be abundant without any inoculation of symbiotic fungus under the conditions of greenhouse.
Agar ; DNA ; Fungi* ; Jeju-do* ; Mycorrhizae ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhizoctonia ; Symbiosis

The orchid symbiotic fungi were isolated from the roots of Korean native orchid (Cymbidium goeringii) collected and Chinese orchid (C. sinense) obtained from greenhouses. They were identified as a species of Rhizoctonia, based on the sequences of 18r rDNA, the microscopic observations of mycelia, and the symbiotic relationships with commercial orchids. The isolate collected from Chinese orchids was revealed to be a species of Ceratobasidium endophytica, and to be different from the other isolates at the thickness of the mycelia stained in the root cells of Korean native orchids. The other isolates collected from the Korean native orchids were considered to be a species of Tulsanella repens (anamorphic: Epulorhiza repens) or its related one. The physiologic or microscopic variations were oftenly observed among them, but the tendency of grouping these in the 18s rDNA sequences were observed to be consistent with those of the localities collected. The further taxonomical segregating for Korean symbiotic fungi was not made because the information concerned were limited in this moment, but was recognized as based on the sequences of 18s DNA.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Fungi* ; Humans ; Mycorrhizae ; Rhizoctonia ; Symbiosis