The response and transport intervals of an ambulance dispatch are affected by various factors. The present ambulance system relies on the driver’s experience, knowledge of local road map and estimations of directions. These may contribute to delays, misdirection and inefficient utilization of resources. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of GPS navigation device on the response and transport time intervals of an ambulance service operating in urban setting. This was a three-month experimental study involving simulated ambulance dispatch based in a hospital. A total of 50 simulated cycles were constructed. Travel time, arrival time and distance were documented from each cycle. The median actual response time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.82 min and 10.47 min respectively. The median actual transport time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.00 min and 10.74 min respectively. The differences in response time and transport time between map and GPS navigation were not statistically significant (p= 0.215 and p=0.710). The application of GPS reduced the error value between estimated and actual response time by 8.73%. It also reduced the mean error value between estimated and actual transport time by 1.42%. The result shows that the GPS navigation device allowed for more accurate travel time estimation and its application in an urban setting such as Kuala Lumpur has the potential to reduce ambulance response time.
Emergency ; GPS navigation ; Prehospital care ; Response time ; Transport time

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of the metabolite produced by Trichomonas vaginalis on human sperm motility in vitro.

METHODSTrichomonas vaginalis having been cultured, the culture solution containing metabolite was obtained by removing the protozoa, then diluted into 3 kinds of concentration. Sperm was obtained from 10 healthy fertile men by masturbation and prepared by swim-up technique to produce a spermatozoon solution of high motility. Every sperm sample was divided into 4 groups (A, B, C, D). Unused culture solution was added to Group A as control, and the other 3 groups (B, C, D) were respectively incubated with the above used culture solution at 3 kinds of concentration (1.2 x 10(9)/L, 6 x 10(8)/L, 1.2 x 10(8)/L). Measurements were carried out at 30 s, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h by CASA.

RESULTSSperm motility decreased in both Group B and C markedly, and the effects displayed a concentration- and time-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolite of Trichomonas vaginalis can reduce human sperm motility in vitro, and may be one of the causes of infertility.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Male ; Sperm Motility ; drug effects ; Time Factors ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; metabolism

The objective was to observe the influence of previously activated psoralens on the proliferation of K562 cells, and to provide laboratory data for its clinical usage. K562 cells were treated separately with previously and late activated psoralens, then their trypan blue exclusion inhibited rates (TBIR), cell proliferation inhibited rates (CPIR) and colony forming inhibited rates (CFIR) after culture were compared. The results showed that previously activated psoralens displayed an inhibiting effect on the proliferation of K562 cells with a dose-effect relationship. There was no obvious difference between previously and late activated psoralens on TBIR, CPIR and CFIR. In order to exert the inhibitive effect of previously activated psoralens, the time of ultraviolet ray exposure should be 10 minutes at least, and longer than 12 hours for inhibiting K562. The inhibitive effect of previously activated psoratens decreased as the time interval from activation to its use was prolonged. The inhibiting effect of previously activated psoralens was strongest within 6 hours after activation. In conclusion, both previously and late activated psoralens show inhibiting effects on the proliferation of K562, which may be able to use an antineoplastic drug in clinic.
Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Furocoumarins ; pharmacology ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Time Factors

In order to determine the curative effect of small dose heparin for treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (CITP), a total of 12 CITP patients, who were failed with prednisone and immunosuppressants over 6 months, had been treated with subcutaneous injection of small dose heparin. The curative effects were seen in 8 patients and there were no exacerbation of hemorrhage during the therapy. The results showed that it is effective and safe to use this treatment for CITP.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anticoagulants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Heparin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Prothrombin Time ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; drug therapy ; Thrombin Time ; Treatment Outcome ; Whole Blood Coagulation Time

UNLABELLEDOBJECTIVE To study on vesicant characteristics of Uylabris and Seeds of Brassica Alb in crude herb moxibustion.

METHODSOne hundred and seventy-five healthy subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups. The vesicant rate, vesicant time and vesicant size and pain degree of different medicines or doses were observed. Results There were significant differences in the vesicant rate among the different doses groups of the same medicine (P<0.05), with no significant difference in the vesicant time (P>0.05); and there were significant differences in vesicant time among the different medicine groups (P<0.05). In the Uylabris group, the vesicant time was longer; the vesicant size in the medicine group of 0. 05 g each point was larger than that of the medicine group of 0.01 g each point (P<0.05); there were significant differences among the groups in the pain rate (P<0.05), and the pain rate was the highest in the 0.05 g each point of Seeds of Brassica Alb.

CONCLUSIONUylabris and Seeds of Brassica Alb have different vesicular characteristics, so in clinical application, application dose and time may be used for controlling the vesicant extent.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Blister ; Brassica ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Moxibustion ; methods ; Seeds ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo assess mental fatigue by noninvasive monitoring of the physiological signals.

METHODSThe changes in the physiological parameters including the electrodermal activity, heart rate and heart rate variability were analyzed in 14 subjects performing the reaction-time tasks when fatigue and changes in the reaction time occurred.

RESULTSThe average skin conductance level, average heart rate, and heart rate variability parameters including the total power density, percentage of the very low power density, percentage of high power density all differed significantly between the sober state and the mental fatigue state.

CONCLUSIONMonitoring the physiological parameters including the electrodermal activity, heart rate and heart rate variability is a noninvasive, effective and practical approach to mental fatigue assessment.

Adult ; Galvanic Skin Response ; physiology ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Fatigue ; physiopathology ; Reaction Time ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of dosages of total body irradiation on the healing process of cutaneous wounds and to observe the changes of wound area at different periods after injury.

METHODSThe entire body irradiation from a (60)Co gamma-ray source was performed on Wistar rats. The single dosage varied from 1 to 8 Gy. Within 1 h after irradiation, two whole thickness circular cutaneous wounds corresponding to 2.5% of total body surface area (Phi = 22 mm) were produced on the back of the animals (combined injury groups). Same wounds were produced on rats with no irradiation (single wound group). Wound healing was observed at different points after injury.

RESULTSAfter total body irradiation with the dose of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 Gy, the wound healing was obviously retarded as the dosages increased. The wound area remained was larger in the large dosage groups than in the small dosage groups. Seven days after injury, there was 33.5% wound surface left unhealed in the single wound group, whereas in the combined injury groups, 35.4%, 38.1%, 41.6%, 48.8%, 53.9%, 63.7%, 69.2% and 73.9% of the wound surfaces remained unhealed, respectively. Statistical analysis showed marked correlations between the various times after total body irradiation and various dosages to the percentage of unhealed wound surface. Nine dose-effect relation formulae were deduced according to the statistical results.

CONCLUSIONSIn soft tissue trauma combined with radiation injury, the delay of wound healing is related to the dose of radiation inflicted. It is also related to the time between injury and time of observation.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Female ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Time Factors ; Whole-Body Irradiation ; Wound Healing ; radiation effects

To explore interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and characterize lipid accumulation in L02 hepatocytes induced by sodium oleate. L02 hepatocytes were incubated with 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, or 1,200 μmol/L sodium oleate for 24 h, and the supernatant was collected to detect the concentration of IL-6. L02 hepatocytes were incubated with 300, 150, 75, or 0 μmol/L sodium oleate for 0-24 h. The supernatant was collected for detection of IL-6 and free fatty acids. L02 hepatocytes treated with 300 μmol/L sodium oleate for 0-24 h were stained with Oil Red O. With extended sodium oleate incubation time, IL-6 levels increased, and free fatty acids decreased. After 24 h incubation, IL-6 levels increased as sodium oleate increased from 37.5 to 300 μmol/L (
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Hepatocytes/metabolism* ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Lipid Metabolism ; Oleic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Time Factors

AIMTo investigate the anticoagulant efficacy and mechanism of a semi-synthesized sodium beta-1,4-glucan sulfate (Na-MCS).

METHODSAnticoagulant activity was evaluated by means of coagulation assays in comparison with heparin. The anticoagulant mechanism of Na-MCS was disclosed by inhibitory analysis of the activities of coagulation factors using chromogenic substrates.

RESULTS0.6 microg x mL(-1) Na-MCS could significantly prolong APTT and TT, but has less effect on PT at an even higher concentration. The dosage of Na-MCS required to double APTT of normal human plasma was 0.7 microg x mL(-1), lower than that of heparin with the activity of 150 u x mg(-1).

CONCLUSIONNa-MCS represented a potent anticoagulation activity in vitro, which matched the efficacy of heparin in a certain range of concentrations. Na-MCS exhibited anticoagulant activity due to inhibition of the coagulation factors IIa and Xa by the mediation of anti-thrombin AT-III.

Anticoagulants ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Antithrombin III ; pharmacology ; Blood Coagulation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Factor Xa ; metabolism ; Glucans ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Heparin ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Prothrombin ; metabolism ; Prothrombin Time ; Thrombin Time

The aim of this study was to verify the trypanocidal effectiveness of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of Achyrocline satureioides against Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. A. satureioides extracts, known as macela, were used on trypomastigotes at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 microg/ml) and exposure times (0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 hr). A dose-dependent effect was observed when the 3 extracts were tested. The concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microg/ml were not able to kill trypomastigotes until 3 hr after exposure, and the highest concentrations (500 and 1,000 microg/ml) were able to kill all trypomastigotes after 1 hr. When the time of exposure was increased up to 9 hr, the concentrations at 50 and 100 microg/ml were 100% effective to 3 extracts. The chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, a trypanocidal compound already described. Based on the results, we can conclude that the A. satureioides extracts exhibit trypanocidal effects.
Achyrocline/*chemistry ; Antimalarials/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Flavonoids/isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification/*pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Trypanosoma/*drug effects