Objective To grasp the features of the macro health economic operation in China in the 1990s. Methods The method of retrospective analysis was used to compare the tendencies of increase in the total health costs, medical expenses, costs of medical services and expenses for medicine in China from 1990 to 2000. Results The total health costs in China were constantly on the increase, with an average annual increase rate of 13 33%. Medical expenses also showed a tendency of accelerated increase from 1993 on, with an average annual increase rate of 10 83%. The average annual rates of increase in costs of medical services and expenses for medicine were respectively 14 14% and 11 07%. From 1994 on, the rate of increase in the above indexes was apparently higher than the growth rate of GDP. Conclusion Although some effects have been achieved through "total quantity control and structural readjustment", the health economic situation in China remains to be further improved when compared with developed countries.

Objective To find out about the increase in the expenses of drugs as well as the changes of prices, manufacturing costs, and the distribution of profits in the manufacturing process so as to provide basis for the reform and perfection of the control of drug prices. Methods Using the method of retrospective sampling, investigations were made into the prices of drugs extensively used clinically throughout the country from 1995 to 2002 and analyses were conducted into the manufacturing and operating status of 80 pharmaceutical companies in 18 provinces of the nation and profits and other relevant influencing factors in 48 drug wholesaling enterprises in 20 provinces of the nation in 1999. Results The increment speed of the expenses of drugs in the 90s of the 20 th century in China was above 10%, higher than the increment speed of the GDP; the price index of drugs was on overage higher than the general price index; and the complete manufacturing costs of drugs accounted for 54% of their retail prices. Conclusion The prices of drugs in China might be regarded as appropriate, and yet too large an amount of profits goes into the process of circulation, resulting in insufficient funds for the pharmaceutical industry to conduct research and development.

0 05) Conclusion Temperature and hemolysis affected the ECP level in different degrees But there was no significant influence of anti coagulation agent on the ECP level It could be concluded from our study that coagulation of the blood was not necessary to the ECP determination

Objective To study the clinical significance of Raynaud phenomenon (RP) in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Methods One hundred and twelve cases with SLE were divided into two groups according to the condition of RP and were analyzed retrospectively.The similarities and differences were investigated in system injury and laboratory examination in two groups.Results The occurrence rates of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),interstitial lung disease (ILD),pericarditis,fatigue,pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with RP were higher than those in patients without RP [89.3％(25/28) vs.2.4％(2/84),57.1％(16/28) vs.16.7％(14/84),75.0％(21/28) vs.39.3％ (33/84),67.9％(19/28) vs.33.3％(28/84),21.4％(6/28) vs.4.8％(4/84),14.3％(14/28) vs.1.2％(1/84) ](P ＜ 0.05 ).The positive rates of anti-cardiolipin (ACL) antibody,anti-RNP antibody,anti-Sm antibody and LA in patients with RP were higher than those in patients without RP [46.4％(13/28) vs.9.5％(8/84),75.0％(21/28) vs.33.3％(28/84),57.1％(16/28) vs.23.8％(20/84),17.9％(5/28) vs.2.4％(2/84)] (P ＜0.05),while leucopenia in patients with RP was lower than that in patients without RP [7.1％(2/28) vs.45.2％ (38/84)] (P =0.001).Conclusion Heart,lung and vascular lesions such as PAH,ILD,pericarditis,PE and so on are easier to occur in SLE with RP,furthermore the positive rates of ACL,anti-RNP antibody,anti-Sm antibody,and LA are higher than those without RP.

Gradient System is one of the most important parts of Magnetic Resonance Image System.It is a key factor in the image quality.Therefore,during the whole installation process,advanced gradient system is strictly needed.Firstly,this article gives a clear explanation about the theory and function of the gradient system.Then,it discusses how to make rational use of gradient system to acquire the best image quality.

Objective To explore the resistance and molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of daunorubicin in CD34 +acute myeloid leukemia(AML) cells. Methods CD34 +AML cell lines(KG1a and Kasu-mi-1)were used as objectives, and CD34 -AML cell line U937 was used as positive control. Western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in CD34 +AML and CD34 -AML cell lines incubated with/without daunorubicin to compare the sensitivity of CD34 +AML and CD34 -AML cells to daunorubicin. SiRNA against Bcl-2 was used in KG1a and Kasumi-1 cells and examined the effect on cell viability by MTT assay. Results Western blot analysis showed that Bcl-2 protein levels in CD34 +AML cells appeared to be significantly higher than in CD34 -AML cells. Western blot analysis showed that treatment with 0.4 μg/ml daunorubicin for 48 h caused down-regulation of Bcl-2 only in CD34 -AML cells,but not in CD34 +AML cells. Suppression of Bcl-2 with siRNA increased the susceptibility of KG1a and Kasumi-1 to daunorubicin. Conclusion CD34 +AML cell lines ex-press higher levels of Bcl-2 protein. Daunorubicin fails to down-regulate the high Bcl-2 protein levels in CD34 +AML cells. Suppression of Bcl-2 with siRNA increases the susceptibility of KG1a and Kasumi-1 to daunorubicin. The high Bcl-2 protein levels in CD34 +AML cells may be involved in the insensitivity to daunorubicin.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the relationship of clinical pharmacist with hemodialysis patients through pharmaceutical care and select individualized therapeutic regime by pharmacists and physicians in order to reduce high blood pressure and improve quality of life in hemodialysis patients. METHODS:Hemodialysis patients with hypertension being in line with included cretria were collected and randomly divided into pharmaceutical care group(n=20) and non-pharmaceutical care group(n=21). RESULTS:After 3 months of treatment,in pharmaceutical care group SBP was decreased from 158 mmHg to 139 mmHg and DBP from 95 mmHg to 84 mmHg;in non-pharmaceutical care group SBP was decreased from 155 mmHg to 152 mmHg and DBP from 96 mmHg to 93 mmHg. There was significant difference between pharmaceutical care group and non- pharmaceutical care group (P

Objective To study inhibitory effect of serine protease activity by Ulinastatin in vitro .Methods Different chromogenic peptides were designed and synthesized.Highly sensitive fluorescence detection was performed to optimize the concentration of each serine proteases and their chromogenic substrates.Multi-point method was used for the calculation of half maximal inhibitory concentration of Ulinastatin .ResuIts Ulinastain could inhibit Polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase ( PMNE ) and plasmin with IC50 lower than 100 U/mL.For factor Xa, and Kallikrein, the IC50 of Ulinastatin was higher than 1000U/mL.No thrombin IC50 could be calculated at the present experiments.ConcIusion Similar to Ulinastatin injection from Japan, domestic Ulinastatin shows the strongest inhibitory effects on PMNE among those serine proteases.As important references, this study gives reliable data for dose range of domestic Ulinastatin in anti-inflammation, coagulation/anti-coagulation and anti-shock therapy.

Objective To discuss pharmaceutical care for patients with acute pancreatitis , investigate and expand the role of clinical pharmacists in the clinical treatment .Methods To prepare pharmaceutical care , medication guidance and interventions of life were offered to an acute pancreatitis patient .Results The patient′s medication compliance was enhanced and good for the clinical ther-apy.Conclusion Clinical pharmacists could play an important role in patient′s implementation of a comprehensive and effective pro-gram of individual administration .

Objective:To analyze the risk factors for patellar clunk syndrome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) without patellar surface replacement.Methods:Retrospectively analyzed were a total of 222 patients who had undergone TKA without patellar surface replacement at Department of Joint Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from June 2020 to June 2021. There were 43 males and 179 females, and 38 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 184 cases of arthritis. They were divided into a patellar clunk syndrome group ( n = 56) and a non-patellar clunk syndrome group ( n = 166) according to the occurrence of patellar clunk after TKA. The incidence of early patellar clunk syndrome after TKA was 25.2% (56/222). The patient gender, arthritis type, prosthesis type, postoperative range of knee motion, postoperative patellar thickness, Insall-Salvati index, postoperative joint line height, lower extremity muscle strength, and the distance from the tibial plateau to the patellar tendon were recorded. The risk factors for patellar clunk syndrome were determined by univariate analysis and logistic analysis. Results:The univariate analysis showed significant differences between the 2 groups in prosthesis type, postoperative joint line height, postoperative lower extremity muscle strength, and the distance from the tibial plateau to the patellar tendon ( P < 0.05). The logistic analysis showed that the posterior cruciate substituting (PS) prosthesis was an independent risk factor compared with the cruciate-retaining (CR) prosthesis ( OR = 2.791, 95% CI: 1.411 to 5.521, P = 0.003), and the increased lower extremity muscle strength was an independent protective factor ( OR = 0.295, 95% CI: 0.148 to 0.587, P = 0.001). Conclusions:The incidence of patellar clunk syndrome is relatively high. The PS prosthesis may be an independent risk factor relative to the CR prosthesis. As the increased lower extremity muscle strength may be an independent protective factor, the recovery and strengthening of the muscle strength after TKA require more attention.