Autoantibodies are useful laboratory parameters for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases (AID).Methods for the detection of autoantibodies have achieved quantitative or semi-quantitative to some extent.Furthermore,with the development of detection technology,high-throughout and quantitative technology has been the trend in autoantibody measurement.Compared with qualitative results,the quantitative ones may provide more values for diagnosis,prediction,prognosis and therapeutic monitoring for AID.Therefore,although quantitative technology of autoantibodies is still faced a number of challenges,the detection for autoantibodies has come into the era of quantitation.

Autoimmune diseases (AID) are a group of diseases,in which the tolerance of immune system to self component is broken.However,the etiology and pathogenesis of AID has not yet been clear so far.For better understanding the pathogenesis of AIDs and providing new idea on the diagnosis and treatment of AID,this review will focus on the latest development on pathogenesis of AID,including genetic background,environment factors,abnormal immune regulation,and the role of target cells.

Objective To observe the changes of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in plasma and the correlation of ANP and BNP with hemodynamic parameters in patients with sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation after percutanous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV). Methods Thirty-six patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing first time successful PBMV were enrolled in the study. Among a total of 36 patients, 11 were in sinus rhythm (SR group) and 25 had atrial fibrillation (Af group). The levels of ANP and BNP were assayed before and at 1 day and 3 days after the procedure. Hemodynamic parameters were measured by echocardiography and left atrial pressure (LAP) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were assessed instantly by cardiac catheter before and after PBMV. Results After PBMV,the ANP levels gradually decreased (216.09?73.84 pg/mL; 188.70?59.22 pg/mL; 140.70?41.53 pg/mL, respectively, before, at one day and three days after procedure, P

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestic autoimmune liver disease and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the first-line drug for the treatment.Currently there are several standards applied for the prognostic and therapeutic predictions of PBC,as well as for the guidance of personalized treatment.This paper elucidated the prognostic predicting factors in PBC and their applications in therapy monitoring with UDCA.Current challenges and future research interests are also put forward.

In recent years, the discovery of thousands of long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs) has certainly changed human′s view of the complexity of mammalian genomes and transcriptome, as they play an important role in the regulation of transcription, post-transcription as well as epigenetic level, widely involved in various physiological process and diseases.Here this review summarized the lncRNAs associated with cancers, discussed the established methods used to detect and quantify lncRNAs, and evaluated the clinical application of lncRNAs as biomarker.

Objective To establish a real time fluorescent quantitative revers transcripatase PCR(FQ-RT-PCR) method to detect the expression level of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear ceils (PBMC) and determine its expression level in healthy donors, HBV-caused cirrhosis patients and PBC ones. Methods Specific primers and Taqman-MGB probe were designed and β-actin was used as endogenous control. The amplified fragment was obtained by RT-PCR. The quantitative template was constructed and then the fluorescent intensity was documented on the ABI Prism7000 analyzer. The standard curve was established, according to which, the TRAIl. mRNA levels in 30 healthy individuals, 30 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 25 ones with HBV-caused cirrhosis were calculated automatically by software after the values of cycle threshold (Ct) were detected continuously during amplification. Results The linear detection range of the assay for TRAIL gene was 103 - 109 copies/ ug RNA ( r=-0.997). The coefficients of variation of both intra-and inter-assay reproducibility for high concentration samples were 5.6% and 6. 3% , respectively, and those for low concentration samples were12.5% and 14. 6%. The TRAIL mRNA expression level in PBC patients was [ (3.3±2.5)×105copies/ugRNA] significantly higher than that of healthy control [ (0.5±0.2)×105 copies/ug RNA ] (t=5.994,P <0.01). TRAIl. mRNA level of HBV-caused cirrhosis patients[ (2.1±0.9)×105 copies/ug RNA] wasalso significantly elevated (t=8.536, P<0.01). However, the difference between these two diseased groups had no significance. Conclusion We have successfully set up a FQ-RT-PCR method for detecting TRAIL gene expression and found that its expression levels of peripheral blood mononuelear cells in PBC and HBV caused cirrhosis patients are elevated, which provides a new insight into mechanism study of liver injury caused by cirrhosis.

Objective To investigate the expression of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-one (Siglec-1, also called CD169) in lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD), and explore the relationship between Siglec-1 expression and atheresclerosis. Methods CD145 CD169 positive cell proportion and CD169 mRNA levels were respectively measured by flow cytometry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (FQ-RT-PCR) in 57 CHD patients and 38 healthy controls. And the levels of serum hpids were determined by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Results The flow cytometry analysis showed that CD169 protein was not found in lymphocytes and neutrophils in both CHD patients and healthy controls. The rate of CD14 CD169 double positive ceils in monocytes in CHD group was significandy higher than that in healthy controls [(12.7±2.4)% vs (1.0±0.3)% ,t =23.2,P<0.01]. And FQ-RT-PCR analysis showed that the mean CD± mRNA copy number in PBMCs in CHD group was significantly higher(3.2 fold) than that in healthy controls [t = 6. 59, P < 0.01]. However, neither differences of CD169 protein positivities [[(12. 2 ± 2. 3) %vs (13.4±2.5)% ,t = 1.87,P >0.05] nor mRNA levels [3.64 fold vs 2.79 fold when compared with healthy controls,t =0. 98, P > 0. 05] were found between CHD patients with normal and abnormal levels of serum Lipids. Conclusions CD169 is mainly expressed in human tissue-resident macrophages but not expressed in peripheral blood monecytes. And when the monocytes is stimulated by inflammation, the expression of CD169 is increased. In patients with CHD, the increased expression of CD169 protein and mRNA level has demonstrated the activation of monocytes in peripheral blood. CD169 and CD169-mediated monocytes activation may play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.

Objective Analyzing the lncRNA expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)of primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)patients to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis,clinical diagnosis and treatment of PBC.Methods Collected peripheral blood from 30 PBC patients and 30 healthy volunteers, then separated PBMC.Four cases from each group were selected for long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA)expression microarray detection.Reverse transcription-PCR technology in a larger sample size was used to verify the microarray results.Bioinformatic analysis such as Cis-/Trans-target genes Gene ontology(GO)and pathway analysis, co-expression networks were conducted in order to provide a theoretical basis in the pathogenesis of PBC.Transfecting small interfering RNAs(siRNAs)for linc-pbc to see changes in the expression of nuclear receptor 4A group 3(NR4A3)and forkhead boxP3(FOXP3)and cell apoptosis in transfected PBMC.Results Compared to the healthy group, 749 lncRNA and 230 coding messenger RNA(mRNA)genes were abnormally expressed.Interestingly,NR4A3 gene was down-regulated by 78%.While linc-pbc, which was about 20 000 bp downstream of NR4A3 gene, increased 2.56-fold. Then design siRNA for linc-pbc.After transfection, mRNA and protein levels of NR4A3 and FOXP3 were up-regulated.Conclusions By recruiting PRC2 complex, linc-pbc may increased the methylation level of NR4A3 gene promoter region,thus decreasing the expression of NR4A3 in PBC patients and reduced NR4A3 futher downregulated the expression of FOXP 3 and reduced the amounts of immunosuppressive Treg cells in peripheral blood and liver tissue, breaking the equilibrium state of immune tolerance, and promoted the occurrence and development of the disease.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. MethodsMedical records were collected from 850 HCC patients who were admitted to Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2014 to May 2022， and their clinical and prognostic features were analyzed. The chi-square test were used for comparison of categorical data between groups； the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival time and survival rate， and the log-rank test was used for comparison of survival time based on baseline features. ResultsAmong the 850 HCC patients， male patients accounted for 82.6%， and the median age at initial diagnosis was 58.0 （49.0， 66.0） years， with the highest proportion of patients aged 50 ‍—‍ 69 years （59.8%）. The patients with HBV infection accounted for the highest proportion of 77.4%； at initial diagnosis， 49.2% of the patients had portal vein tumor thrombus， and 20.2% of the patients had extrahepatic metastasis， among which pulmonary metastasis accounted for the highest proportion of 44.2% （76/172）. The patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer （BCLC） stage A （0）， B， C， and D HCC accounted for 20.4%， 22.5%， 41.5%， and 15.6%， respectively. There was a significant difference in the distribution of BCLC stages between different groups based on sex （χ²=16.631， P=0.001）， age （χ²=24.261， P=0.019）， place of residence （χ²=39.776， P<0.001）， presence or absence of viral hepatitis （χ²=8.338， P=0.040）， and presence or absence of regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis （χ²=26.140， P<0.001）. Follow-up was performed for 489 patients till death， with a median survival time of 19.99 months （95% confidence interval ［CI］： 14.86 ‍—‍ 25.12）， and the 1-， 3-， 5-， and 10-year cumulative survival rates were 60.7%， 39.9%， 29.4%， and 22.7%， respectively. There was a significant difference in survival time between different groups based on age （χ²=13.452， P=0.009）， history of viral hepatitis （χ²=6.123， P=0.013）， regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis （χ²=15.505， P<0.001）， comorbidity with type 2 diabetes （χ²=9.820， P=0.002）， the number of tumors （χ²=57.713， P<0.001）， maximum tumor diameter （χ²=41.862， P<0.001）， portal vein tumor thrombus （χ²=293.909， P<0.001）， extrahepatic metastasis at initial diagnosis （χ²=118.329， P<0.001）， BCLC stage （χ²=465.638， P<0.001）， surgical resection （χ²=78.86， P<0.001）， local treatment （χ²=36.216， P<0.001）， immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and/or anti-tumor angiogenesis therapy （χ²=7.182， P=0.007）， traditional Chinese medicine decoction treatment （χ²=30.050， P<0.001）， and comprehensive treatment regimens （χ²=13.221， P=0.004）. Progression-free survival （PFS） was recorded for 259 patients （30.5%）， with a median PFS of 10.98 months （95%CI： 8.54 ‍—‍ 13.42）. ConclusionHCC patients exhibit epidemiological characteristics in terms of sex， age， place of residence， presence or absence of viral hepatitis， regular antiviral therapy before initial diagnosis， tumor characteristics， treatment modality， and prognosis， with a low early detection rate and a short overall survival time， and therefore， it is urgent to perform early screening， early diagnosis， and early treatment.