Alteration in gastric emptying may play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases.And various methods to measure gastric emptying have been developed.Nine procedures for the assessment of gastric emptying were reviewed in this paper including intubation test,radiology method,absorption test,real time ultrasound,breath test,radionuclide technique et al .Among all of these methods,radionuclide technique is considered as the good standard method.

aminobutyric acid(GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). In recent years,some studies have demonstrated that GABA is also present in various peripheral tissues,including the gastrointestinal tract. GABA acts as a gut hormone in addition to its role as an enteric neurotransmitter,which involves in the transport and regulation of intracellular information in stomach. Therefore,it inhabits development and growth of gastric cancer. Glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD) is a major GABA synthesizing enzyme. This review will narrate the relationship between GABA,GAD and gastric cancer.

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) associates with receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway,which can regulate cell proliferation,growth,differentiation and inflammation et al. The aim of this review is to identify SOCS and cytokines on the combination of different sites and pathway,and then to explore the pathogenesis of the role of negative feedback regulation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Severe acute pancreatitis is a frequent acute abdomen clinically,characterized by acute onset,fast progression and lethal complications.Severe acute pancreatitis complicated by pancreatic foreign organ damage has become hot and tough issues in clinical and basic researches in recent years.The aim of this review is to explore the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis complicated by liver injury.

IL-18 participates in the morbility and exacerbation of acute pancreatitis,and induces the organ-injury of extra-pancreas.The aim of this review is to explore the source of and the regulation of activation and secretion of IL-18,as well as the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis-associated liver injury induced by IL-18.

The Wnt signaling path has a function of delivering the growth incitement signal,and it is closely related with the growth and differentiation of cells.The unusual activation of the Wnt signaling path may cause abnormal propagation and differentiation of cells and consequently the development of tumor.Besides,this signaling path serves an interactive function in different human tumors.Understanding the contribution of this signaling path in tumor formation may afford a basis for the clinical diagnosis and early intervention of tumor.

Tumor angiogenesis, resulting from the imbalance of angiogenic cytokines and angiogenesis inhibitors, is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. As a new field of cancer therapy, tumor anti-angiogenesis therapy with regard to abrogation of tumor vasculature has become an important anti-tumor strategy. Gene therapies have the potential to provide antiangiogenic mediators specifically targeted to organs containing tumors and make a great improvement in this therapy. This article reviews the current understanding of tumor angiogenesis, with a focus on gene therapy in this field.

Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), a term used to describe the endoscopic appearance of gastric mucosa with a characteristic mosaic-like pattern, is characterized entities that can be associated with gastrointestinal blood loss in patients with portal hypertension. More than 65% of patients with portal hypertension from cirrhosis will develop PHG,however,it could also occur in the setting of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. In patients with portal hypertension, the incidence of PHG was associated with severity of liver disease and the presence of both oesophageal and gastric varices. The exact etiology of PHG is not clearly defined, the diagnosis of PHG depends on endoscopy and histology, therapy of PHG is directed at lowering portal pressure by ?-blockers or shunt procedures.

Heat shock protein 90?(HSP 90?), the major molecular chaperone, is most conservative during biological evolution. Recently, Relation HSP 90? with tumors has been found, there is, however, little study on the relation between HSP 90? and gastric carcinoma. The basic researches of HSP 90? and its relation with tumors, including gastric carcinoma had been reviewed.

objective The consequences of macroscopic classification for early colorectal cancer(CRC),carried out by clinicians from China and Japan,were compared.Methods The endoscopic color photos and related materials of 7 selected patients with early CRC were distributed to each of 5 endoscopists from China and Japan to present everyone's own idea on classification.Results Some lesions assumed as typeⅡ (flat pattern) by Japanese were considered as typeⅠ (elevated pattern)by Chinese.While the lesions having protrusion with central depression were depicted by physicians of both sides according to the ratio of areas with different outlook,namelyⅡ a＋Ⅱ c orⅡ c＋Ⅱ a.Some new terms have been adopted currently by Japanese only,such asⅡ a＋ depression,LST(laterally spreading tumor).Conclusion Regarding the macroscopic classification indices for early CRC discrepancies exist between Sino-Japanese doctors.More comments and cooperation seem necessary to set up an unified criterion.