To enable students to better grasp the basic skills of pathogenic biology and im-munology experimental teaching , and make full use of the characteristics of experimental teaching to train students' scientific quality and innovative consciousness , the reform of pathogenic biology and immunology experiment teaching was explored. Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology experiment were integrated into an experimental course , and corresponding laboratory was set up to take an in-dependent experimental teaching. Through renewing experiment teaching idea, some measures were taken such as modularization and personalization of the teaching content, the establishment of a com-plete management system , writing a new experimental course to match the experiment , improving teaching methods and developing students' innovative experiments to improve their enthusiasm and in-terest for experimental class learning, thus enhancing their innovation ability.

BACKGROUND: There are many in vitro selection method of sperm, and swim-up and density gradient centrifugation are commonly used. It remains unclear which method minimizes bad stimulation to the sperm and select sperm with high fertilization potential. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of swim-up and gradient centrifugation preparation techniques on intrauterine insemination (IUI).METHODS: A computer-based online search of Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE databases was performed, and some related journals were manually searched for related articles published between January 1966 and February 2009. The quality of included randomized controlled trials (RCT) and q-randomized trials (Q-RCT) was evaluated and Meta-analysis was conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration's software RevMan5.0. Experts.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 6 studies were included, involving 4 RCTs and 2 Q-RCTs. A total of 486 patients (1 099 IUI cycles) were enrolled. The Meta-analysis indicated that there was no difference between swim-up and gradient centrifugation preparation techniques for the IUI in terms of cycle pregnancy rates [OR = 1.11, 95%CI(0.8,1.55)], miscarriage rates [OR = 0.31, 95%CI(0.09,1.04)], sperm count [the weight mean difference (WMD) =-0.89, 95%CI(-14.17,12.38)], sperm motility [WMD = -2.31, 95%CI(-7.27,2.65)]. There is insufficient evidence to confirm which is the best method in the two specific preparation techniques. The quality of study methods should be improved. And more measure parameters should be included when comparing it before or after treatment, such as sperm motility, sperm count, sperm function.

Traumatic rib fractures are the most common injury in thoracic trauma. Previously，the patients with traumatic rib fractures were mostly treated non-surgically，of which 50%，especially those combined with flail chest presented chronic pain or chest wall deformities and over 30% had long-term disabilities，being unable to retain a full-time job. In the past two decades，thanks to the development of internal fixation material technology，the surgical treatment of rib fractures has achieved good outcomes. However，there are still some problems in clinical treatment，including inconsistency in surgical treatment and quality control in medical services. The current consensuses on the management of regional traumatic rib fractures published at home and abroad mainly focus on the guidance of the overall treatment decisions and plans，and relevant clinical guidelines abroad lacks progress in surgical treatment of rib fractures in recent years. Therefore，the Chinese Society of Traumatology affiliated to Chinese Medical Association and Chinese College of Trauma Surgeons affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association，in conjunction with national multidisciplinary experts，formulate the Chinese Consensus for Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Rib Fractures（2021）following the principle of evidence-based medicine，scientific nature and practicality. This expert consensus puts forward some clear，applicable，and graded recommendations from aspects of preoperative imaging evaluation，surgical indications，timing of surgery，surgical methods，rib fracture sites for surgical fixation，internal fixation methods and material selections，treatment of combined injuries in rib fractures，in order to provide references for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures.

During coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, the treatment of severe trauma has been impacted. The Consensus on emergency surgery and infection prevention and control for severe trauma patients with 2019 novel corona virus pneumonia was published online on February 12, 2020, providing a strong guidance for the emergency treatment of severe trauma and the self-protection of medical staffs in the early stage of the epidemic. With the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council renaming "novel coronavirus pneumonia" to "novel coronavirus infection" and the infection being managed with measures against class B infectious diseases since January 8, 2023, the consensus published in 2020 is no longer applicable to the emergency treatment of severe trauma in the new stage of epidemic prevention and control. In this context, led by the Chinese Traumatology Association, Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association, Trauma Medicine Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Traumatology, the Chinese expert consensus on emergency surgery for severe trauma and infection prevention during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic ( version 2023) is formulated to ensure the effectiveness and safety in the treatment of severe trauma in the new stage. Based on the policy of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council and by using evidence-based medical evidence as well as Delphi expert consultation and voting, 16 recommendations are put forward from the four aspects of the related definitions, infection prevention, preoperative assessment and preparation, emergency operation and postoperative management, hoping to provide a reference for severe trauma care in the new stage of the epidemic prevention and control.