The key to tip over the cap of bottle spigot successfully is that if the claw can enter into the rubber spigot.The manipulator ensure axle of brace claw and claw of tipping over to enter into the rubber spigot through the way of taper correction cap and enlarge the bore of rubber spigot cap.

OBJECTIVE:To find out the situation of the use of antimicrobials in perioperative patients and to evaluate the rationality of use.METHODS: To make a survey of the use of antimicrobials in 230 surgical patients during the period Dec. 2002 - Apr. 2004, and to evaluate the kinds, frequency, cost - effectiveness ratios, combined administration, course, effectiveness and drug adverse react ions. RESULTS: 100 percent patients had received antimicrobials involving 32 kinds of drug and 8 595 case - time.The cost of consumption of antimicrobials per case was 1 183.5 yuans.The average therapeutic course was 21.89 days.The operation incisions healed by first intention in 230 cases.The cost ratios of total drugs and antimicrobials was 1 : 0.41 .CONCLUSION:The supervision of using antimicrobials in perioperative period must be reinforced.

OBJECTIVE:To promote the sound development of clinical pharmacy in China METHODS:To study the gap between clinical pharmacy and clinical medicine and to compare the difference between clinical pharmacy in China and that in developed countries RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Only when circules of clinical pharmacy face up to the current situation and learn the experience from clinical medicine and clinical pharmacy in developed countries can the research strategy develops soundly

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetic progress of diclofenac sodium microemulsions in rabbits. Methods: Diclofenac sodium microemulsion and diclofenac sodium suspension were single orally given to rabbits. Diclofenac sodium concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC method. Results: AUC 0 ∞ , c max1 and t max1 were 13.456 ?g?h?ml -1 , 2.852 ?g/ml and 1.438 h after po diclofenac sodium microemulsion and 10.584 ?g?h?ml -1 , 3.145 ?g/ml and 0.750 h after po diclofenac sodium suspension. Conclusion: The absorption of diclofenac sodium microemulsions in rabbits is slower and can keep a higher concentration in plasma for a long time compared with those of the suspension. [

OBJECTIVE:To describe the clinical pharmacists'way in carrying out pharmaceutical care for cancer pa?tients.METHODS:Combined with the clinical experience in department of oncology,the way of pharmaceutical care was analysed in depth.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Clinical pharmacists should guide the nurses,lay down nursing plan with nurses and regularly sort out the nursing record so that the existing problems may be discovered and solved.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and the clinical significance of T-cell subsets and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.Methods Thirty-one neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, admitted to the hospital from Decembr 1,2006 to January 31, 2007, were enrolled and divided into two subgroups: severe jaundice group and mild jaundice group according to the bilirubin level. Thirty-two age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅰ). The T-cell subsets and sIL-2R of peripheral venous blood samples from these neonates were measured and compared. Sixteen of these 31 neonates with hyperbilirubinemiawere followed up and another twenty-six age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅱ ). The level of serum bilirubin in convalescence of sixteen hyperbilirubinemia neonates and control group Ⅱ were tested and analyzed also. Results The levels of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were lower compared with those of control group Ⅰ [(54.0±5.1)% vs (62.0±4.7)%, (26.8±5.0)% vs (43.0±4.7)%, 0.8±0.1 vs 1.4±0.2] (P＜0.01), but was higher in convalescence than in peak phase[ (62.4±3.3)% vs (55.1±4.2)%, (43.6±2.5)% vs (26.1±4.4)%, 1.4 ± 0.1 vs 0.8±0.1] (P＜0.01). The peak level of sIL-2R in the hyperbilirubinemia group was (319.4± 185.2) kU/L, higher than that in the convalescence [(129.7±99.3) kU/L] and in the control group Ⅱ [(171.9±102.2) kU/L] (P＜0.01). The serum bilirubin level showed negative correlation with CD4/CD8 ( r = -0.99, P ＜ 0.01 ) and positive correlation with sIL-2R (r=0.95, P＜0.05). The sIL-2R level was negatively correlated with CD4/CD8 (r=-0.92, P＜0.05). Conclusions Neonates, when suffering from hyperbilirubinemia, are immunosuppressed which may recover with the alleviation of jaundice.

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium microemulsions in human. Methods: According to the crossover design, each volunteer was orally given diclofenac sodium microemulsion and diclofenac sodium tablet. The serum concentrations were determined by RP-HPLC with UV-detector. The concentration-time data were analyzed using 3P87 Pharmacokinetic Program and the pharmacokinetics parameters were compared by paired t-test. Results: It was found that diclofenac sodium in serum was linear within the range of 50-8 000 μg/L. The minimum detection concentration was 30 μg/L. The mean rate of recovery was (100.55±1.56)%. After a single oral dose, AUC0～∞ were 5.563，7.891 μg*h/ml, MRT 5.489， 5.387 h for dispersible diclofenac sodium microemulsion and tablet respectively. Conclusion: Absorption progress of diclofenac sodium microemulsion in human may be special.

OBJECTIVE:To provide guidance for pharmacists to adopt a right method in participating in clinical drug treatment work.METHODS:In participating in clinical drug treatment work,pharmacists identified physicians’ drug treatment schemes by sticking to Guiding Principle of Clinical Use of Antibacterials and made remarks on the evaluation results.RES-ULTS & CONCLUSION:Through participating in clinical medical quality ward round,pharmacists can bring their professional advantages into full play,timely find out problems existed in the clinic drug treatment,guide clinical rational drug use,and play a key role in promoting drug treatment.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the in vitro dissolubility of four kinds of commercial chlorphenamine maleate tablets. METHODS: To determine the dissolubility of four kinds of domestic commercial chlorphenamine meleate tablets by paddle method and to analyse the dissolution parameters, T50, Td, m, by variance analysis method. RESULTS: The dissolution parame- ters of the different tablets were T50(30. 3 197, 17. 3 695, 20. 1038, l4. 3 651), Td(34. 6 088, 26. 7 162, 28. 0 514, 22. 1 593)and m (2. 7 676, 0. 8 505, 1. 0 992, 0. 8 448). CONCLUSION: The statistical results indicated that there were significant differences between them(P

OBJECTIVE:To prepare a compound gel composed of chlorphenamine(CH) and ephedrine hydrochloride(EP) METHODS:The gel was prepared by taking carbomer 940 as emulgator,trolamine as pH adjuster and propylene glycol as preservative The contents of CH and EP in gel were determined with the first order derivative spectroanalysis and dual-wave_length spectrophotometry RESULTS:The prepared gel exhibited fine consistency and moderate viscosity The content of CH was 101 0% with an average recovery of 100 4%,RSD 0 99% and the content of EP was 100 4% with an average recovery of 101 3%,RSD 1 7% CONCLUSION:This preparation is stable and non-irritative It is a newly developed preparation for tre_ating allergic rhinitis