Objective To investigate the clinical value of INSURE technology in very low and extremely low birth weight infants requiring respiratory support.Methods From June 2010 to August 2012,83 cases of very low and extremely low birth weight infants who had difficulty in breathing and required respiratory support were admitted into First Hospital of Tsinghua University and divided into two groups:INSURE group (n=41) and mechanical ventilation (MV) group (n=42).Infants in INSURE group accepted intubate-pulmonary surfactant-extubate to continuous positive airway pressure and those in MV group accepted intubation with or without pulmonary surfactant treatment,and mechanical ventilation without extubation.Arterial blood gases at 1 h and 12 h after treatment were compared between the two groups by t test.The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome,ventilator associated pneumonia,air leaking,chronic lung disease,intracranial hemorrhage,retinopathy,leukoencephalomalacia disease were compared with Chi-square test.Hospitalization costs,duration of ventilation,oxygen inhalation and hospital stay were compared by rank-sum test.Results (1) PO2 in INSURE group after one hour of treatment were (78.7 ±11.5) mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),which were higher than those before treatment [(50.1 ±10.8) mm Hg,t=9.737,P＜0.05]; while PCO2 was lower[(48.3±8.9) mm Hg vs (54.9±11.5) mm Hg,t=-3.428,P＜0.05].PO2 in MV group after one hour of treatment were (80.2±10.0) mm Hg,which were higher than those before treatment [(51.3±9.8) mm Hg,t=10.093,P＜0.05]; while PCO2 was lower[(45.6±9.5) mm Hg vs (57.1±12.8) mm Hg,t=-4.526,P＜0.05].(2) There were no difference in PO2 and PCO2 between the two groups after one hour of treatment (P＞0.05).After 12 hours of treatment,no differences were found in PO2[(89.4±11.5) mm Hgvs (90.2±10.8) mm Hg,t=0.093] and PCO2[(44.2±5.9) mm Hg vs (39.1± 7.3) mm Hg,t=0.126] between INSURE group and MV group (P＞0.05 respectively).(3) The incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia,air leaking,intracranial hemorrhage and chronic lung disease in INSURE group were 7.3％ (3/41),4.9％ (2/41),4.9％ (2/41) and 4.9％ (2/41),which were lower than those in MV group [34.1％ (14/42),x2=27.470; 16.7％ (7/42),x2=8.651;19.0％ (8/42),x2 =8.814; 11.9％ (5/42),x2 =4.275](P＜0.05 respectively).Duration of ventilation,oxygen inhalation,neonatal intensive care unit stay in INSURE group were 5 d (3-7 d),8 d (5-11 d) and 16 d (11-25 d),which were all shorter than those of MV group [8 d (4-12 d),Z=-1.947; 12 d (8-22 d),Z=-2.013; 21 d (12-35 d),Z=-1.782](P＜0.05 respectively).Conclusions INSURE technology could be used in very low and extremely low birth weight infants because of less invasiveness,fewer complications,safety and low-cost.

Objective To investigate the early diagnosis of myocardial injury after neonatal asphyxia based on the clinical manifestations of myocardial injury, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Methods From January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014, 101 cases of neonatal asphyxia in the neonatal intensive care unit of the First Hospital of Tsinghua University, with gestational age> 37 weeks and birth weight > 2 500 g, were enrolled. Apgar scores were used to diagnose neonatal asphyxia. Myocardial damage after neonatal asphyxia was diagnosed according to the hypoxia history, clinical presentation, ECG and cardiac enzymes. According to the umbilical arterial blood gas analysis, severe asphyxia was divided into two groups:the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group and the severe asphyxia without acidosis group. The incidence of myocardial damage, clinical manifestations associated with myocardial damage, ECG and myocardial enzymes [creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (TnT); control group involved 50 cases for the same period of admission with newborn jaundice] and echocardiography (control group involved 30 cases for the same period with normal term delivery) were compared among the three groups [mild asphyxia (n=72), severe asphyxia with severe acidosis (n=18) and severe asphyxia without severe acidosis (n=11)]. One-way ANOVA, the LSD test, Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples, Chi–square test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results (1) The incidence of myocardial damage after asphyxia was 34.6%(35/101). It was higher in the severe asphyxia group than in the mild asphyxia group [62.1%(18/29) vs 23.6% (17/72), χ2=7.549, P=0.006]; and it was higher in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group than in the severe asphyxia without severe acidosis group (14/18 vs 4/11, Fisher's exact test, P=0.048). (2) Clinical manifestations: The proportion of bradycardia was greater in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group (13/14) than in the severe asphyxia without severe acidosis group (1/4) and the mild asphyxia group (7/17);the differences were statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, P=0.019 and 0.007). (3) ECG: Eighteen cases (51.4%, 18/35) showed ECG abnormalities. (4) Cardiac enzymes:CK-MB 48 h after birth in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group, severe asphyxia without severe acidosis group, mild asphyxia group and the control group were 78.72 (34.63-122.01), 31.71 (21.33-37.12), 23.11 (14.61-36.02) and 11.82 (8.64-18.93) μg/L, respectively. CK-MB in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group was higher than in the severe asphyxia without severe acidosis group, mild asphyxia group and the control group (H=48.425, 90.040 and 96.045, respectively, all P<0.01). After treatment for 5-7 days, there was no statistically significant difference in these four groups (H=7.165, P=0.416). TnT 48 h after birth in the four groups was 0.19 (0.12-0.39), 0.11 (0.06-0.34), 0.07 (0.05-0.13) and 0.06 (0.04-0.08) μg/L, respectively. TnT in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group was higher than in the other three groups (H=45.753, 44.665 and 61.215, respectively, all P < 0.01). Despite the reduced TnT level after treatment for 5-7 days, TnT in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group was higher than that in the other three groups (H=17.520, 21.122 and 43.286, respectively, all P<0.01). (5) Echocardiography:Twenty cases (57.1%, 20/35) showed abnormalities. The values of mitral systolic peak velocity and late diastolic peak velocity in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group were lower than those in the control group found by tissue Doppler echocardiography [(3.4±0.3) vs (4.8±0.3) cm/s, (4.1±0.2) vs (6.0±1.1) cm/s, respectively, t=3.293 and 2.542, both P < 0.05]. Conclusions Myocardial damage can occur after neonatal asphyxia. Cord blood pH value should be combined to determine the severity of asphyxia. Myocardial damage is more serious in the severe asphyxia with severe acidosis group. Clinical manifestations should be taken seriously, and laboratory examinations should be improved for early diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes and the clinical significance of T-cell subsets and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R)in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.Methods Thirty-one neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, admitted to the hospital from Decembr 1,2006 to January 31, 2007, were enrolled and divided into two subgroups: severe jaundice group and mild jaundice group according to the bilirubin level. Thirty-two age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅰ). The T-cell subsets and sIL-2R of peripheral venous blood samples from these neonates were measured and compared. Sixteen of these 31 neonates with hyperbilirubinemiawere followed up and another twenty-six age-mached healty newborns were as controls(control group Ⅱ ). The level of serum bilirubin in convalescence of sixteen hyperbilirubinemia neonates and control group Ⅱ were tested and analyzed also. Results The levels of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were lower compared with those of control group Ⅰ [(54.0±5.1)% vs (62.0±4.7)%, (26.8±5.0)% vs (43.0±4.7)%, 0.8±0.1 vs 1.4±0.2] (P＜0.01), but was higher in convalescence than in peak phase[ (62.4±3.3)% vs (55.1±4.2)%, (43.6±2.5)% vs (26.1±4.4)%, 1.4 ± 0.1 vs 0.8±0.1] (P＜0.01). The peak level of sIL-2R in the hyperbilirubinemia group was (319.4± 185.2) kU/L, higher than that in the convalescence [(129.7±99.3) kU/L] and in the control group Ⅱ [(171.9±102.2) kU/L] (P＜0.01). The serum bilirubin level showed negative correlation with CD4/CD8 ( r = -0.99, P ＜ 0.01 ) and positive correlation with sIL-2R (r=0.95, P＜0.05). The sIL-2R level was negatively correlated with CD4/CD8 (r=-0.92, P＜0.05). Conclusions Neonates, when suffering from hyperbilirubinemia, are immunosuppressed which may recover with the alleviation of jaundice.

Objective To study the feasibility, efficacy and safety of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in neonatal resuscitation. Methods Totally, 369 neonates requiring positive pressure ventilation at birth were randomized into two groups by offering either LMA resuscitation (205 cases) or bag-mask ventilation (BMV) resuscitation (164 cases). The effect in the two groups were observed. Results (1) No significant difference was observed in Apgar scores at 1 min between LMA group and BMV group, but the neonates having higher Apgar scores at 5 min in LMA group were more than in BMV group (x2 =-3. 39,P=0. 001). The successful resuscitation rate of LMA group was higher than that of BMV group (99.02%vs 84. 15% ,x2 =28. 76, P＜0. 01), the total ventilation time of LMA group was shorter than that of BMV group [(36.4±23.7) s vs (66.2±35.4) s] (t=-8.66, P＜0. 01). Among severe asphyxia neonates,seven of nine were successfully resuscitated by LMA, while in BMV group six neonates with severe asphyxia were all switched to endotracheal intubation ventilation. In neonates with Apgar score of 4 to 5 at 1 min after birth, the successful resuscitation rate of LMA group was higher than that of BMV group (100% vs 42. 86%, x2 =23.04, P＜0.01), the ventilation time of LMA group was shorter than that of BMV group [(54.6±33.6) s vs (136.4±42.0) s] (t= -4. 45, P＜0.01). In neonates with Apgar score of 6 to 7 at 1 min after birth, there was no significant difference in the successful resuscitation rate between LMA and BMV group. (2) The successful rate of LMA insertion at first attempt was 98.54% (202/205) and the average insertion time was (7.8 ± 2. 2) s. The adverse effects included vomiting(4 cases)and regurgitation (3 cases). Conclusions In neonatal resuscitation, LMA can be easily inserted. Compared to BMV, LMA is a better choice in resuscitation for neonates with moderate or severe asphyxia and preferable for those medical staffs who are unfamiliar with endotracheal intubation, or even as a substitute of endotracheal intubation ventilation.

ObjectiveTo study the feasibility,efficacy and safety of u tilizing the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) ventilation compared with the endotracheal intubation ( ET ) in neonatal resuscitation for moderate and severe asphyxiated neonates.MethodsNeonates requiring positive pressure ventilation with heartrate ＜60 beats/min were collected and grouped quasi-randomizedly into LMA(36 cases) or ET(32 cases)ventilation.Differences of resuscitation effect,inserting time,successful once insertion rate and adverse reactions between the two groups were observed and compared.Results( 1 ) No significant difference was observed in Apgar scores at 1 min and 5 min between the two groups ( P＞0.05 ).(2) Success rate of once insertion was 94.4％ with average inserting time ( 7.58±1.16 ) s for LMP group,while it was 90.6％ and ( 7.89 ± 1.52) s for ET group.( 3 ) Successful resuscitation rate of LMA group ( 86.11％ ) was slightly lower than ET group (96.88％ ),but there was no statistical difference (P＞0.05).(4) Mean response time of LMA group [ (34.06 ± 10.56) s] was slightly lower than that of ET group [ (41.38 ±27.19) s],also ventilation time of LMA group [( 137.19 ±80.14) s] was slightly lower than that of ET group [ ( 171.09±84.28 ) s ],but neither showed statistical difference ( P＞0.05 ).(5) Adverse reactions were found in LMA group including nausea( 2 cases )and abdominal distention (1 cases),while there were laryngeal edema( 1 cases),pneumothorax(2 cases),respiratory tract bleeding( 1 cases) in ET group.ConclusionThe LMA ventilation is much easier to operate,with its effect no less than that of ET ventilation on resuscitation for moderate and severe asphyxiated cases,even it seems more safe.LMA ventilation can be a good substitute for ET ventilation,especially for those medical staffs who are unfamiliar with ET operation and primary hospital doctors in case of emergency.

Objective To investigate the correlations of plasma homocysteine(Hcy)level and apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism with Alzheimer' s disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods A case-control study in 66 AD patients(AD group),64 MCI patients(MCI group) and 54 healthy controls(control group)was conducted.Plasma Hcy level and ApoE polymorphism were determined and analyzed.Results Plasma Hcy levels were significantly higher in AD and MCI groups than in control subjects(both P＜0.001).AD patients also showed increased plasma Hcy levels as compared with MCI patients(P＜0.001).Logistic regression analysis indicated that the increased plasma Hcy level was a risk factor for AD and MCI(OR＝ 1.435 and 1.312,both P＜0.001).ApoE ε3/3 was the most common genotype in AD,MCI and control groups,and ε3/4 and ε4/4 genotypes were more common in AD group and MCI group than in control group(both P＜0.05).The ε4 allele frequency of ApoE was 24.2％ and 23.4％ in AD or MCI group respectively,and 6.5％ in control group(AD or MCI vs.control,P＜0.05).The analysis by multiplicative interaction model showed that the odd ratio for MCI was 23.3 in patients with only hyperhomocysteinemia(Hhcy,Hcy＞ 15 μmol/L),12.6 in patients with carrying ε4 allele,and 46.7 in patients with both Hhcy and carrying ε4 allele,which indicated that there was interaction between hyperhomocysteinemia and carrying e4 allele.Conclusions Hyperhomocysteinemia and ApoE ε4 allele are correlated with dementia and also have additive interactions.

Objective To investigate the variations of mtDNA from high and low metastatic mouse hepatocarcinoma cell sublines Hca-F and Hca-P, and the relationship between mutations of mtDNA and carcinogenesis. Methods The variations of D-loop, ND3 and tRNA Met+Glu+Ile gene fragments of mtDNA from Hca-F and Hca-P cells were analyzed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing techniques. Results No amplification fragment length polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism were observed in tRNA Met+Glu+Ile , ND3 and D-loop of mtDNA from the 2 cell sublines. Sequence difference between these 2 cell sublines were found in mtDNA D-loop region by sequencing. Conclusions Genetic alteration of mtDNA non-coding region in tumors, which may reflect the environmental and genetic influences operative during tumor progression, can be linked to their tumorigenic phenotype.

Objective To study the 4 977 bp deletion of mitochondrial DNA in lung cancer, paraneoplastic tissue and normal lung tissue from non-lung cancer subjects and its significance in the development of cancer. Methods Lung cancer tissues and paraneoplastic tissues from 37 non-small lung cancer patients, and normal lung tissues from 20 patients without lung cancer were analyzed by long PCR technique. Results Mitochondrial DNA 4 977 bp deletion was detected in 54.1%(20/37) of lung cancer tissues, 59.5%(22/37) of paraneoplastic tissues and 30.0%(6/30) of normal lung tissues. The correlation between 4 977 bp deletion and age, smoking was present in our data. Conclusion Mitochondrial DNA 4 977 bp deletion, which may reflect the environmental and genetic influences during tumor progression, is not specific to lung cancer and unlikely to play an important role in carcinogenesis.

Objective To investigate the selection of treatment strategies and prognostic factors for patients with stage T3 and T4 laryngeal carcinoma. Methods A total of 132 patients with stage T3 and T4 laryngeal cancer admitted to our hospital from March 2010 to March 2019 were retrospectively selected as research objects. According to the different treatment strategies, the patients were divided into simple surgery group (group A, 57 cases), simple chemoradiotherapy group (group B, 32 cases), and surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy group (group C, 43 cases). The general data and clinicopathological features of the three groups were compared, and a survival curve was drawn by the Kaplan–Meier method. The 3-year survival rates of the three groups were compared. Then, the same 132 patients were divided into survival and death groups. The clinical data of the two groups were compared, and the prognostic factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. A back propagation (BP) neural network model was constructed, and its differentiation and accuracy were evaluated. Results The proportions and 3 year survival rates of patients with poor differentiation, lymphatic vascular invasion, and involvement of lymph nodes outside the capsule in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B (P < 0.05). The 3 year survival rate of 132 patients was 68.94%(41/132). Poor differentiation, N2-N3 stage, lymphatic vascular invasion, and involvement of lymph nodes outside the capsule were risk factors for death (P < 0.05), whereas surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy were protective factors (P < 0.05). The BP neural network model exhibited good discrimination and high accuracy. Conclusion Surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can significantly improve survival rate in patients with poor differentiation, lymphatic vascular invasion, and involvement of lymph nodes outside the capsule. Close attention should be paid to patients with stage N2-N3 in the formulation of reasonable treatment strategies.

Objective To evaluate the effect of a pilot intervention on setting up a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation leading group in 12 hospitals. Methods One provincial-level, two prefecturelevel and one county-level hospitals in Jiangxi, Liaoning and Hunan province were selected to participate in the intervention. A neonatal resuscitation leading group was set up in each hospital to investigate the mode of resuscitation practice training and re-training, improve and carry on the cooperation between obstetricians and pediatricians, record the steps of neonatal resuscitation of asphyxia cases and lead the exploration of the problems occurred during the process in their own hospital. The changes of asphyxia incidence and neonatal resuscitation process were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Results (1) Incidence of neonatal asphyxia during intervention period: 315 neonatal asphyxia cases were recorded, among which 89.5 % (n = 282) were mild and 10. 5% (n=33) cases were severe asphyxia. The mean one-minute Apgar score was the lowest in county-level hospitals (5. 40±1.56), followed by provincial-level hospitals (5.63 ±1.67)and prefecture-level hospitals (6.03 ± 1.41). (2) Resuscitation was not performed according to the guidelines in 47. 9% (151/315) of asphyxia cases. Bag and mask ventilation was not performed according to guideline in 36. 5% (115/315) of cases. (3) Changes of asphyxia incidence after the intervention: the incidence of asphyxia in provincial-level (4.23 % vs 2.66 %, χ2 = 5. 021, P＜0.05)and prefecture-level (2.83% vs 1.67%, χ2 = 4. 948, P＜0.05) hospitals decreased significantly after the intervention. The incidence of severe asphyxia in both provincial-level (χ2 =3. 001, P＞0.05) and prefecture-level (χ2= 0. 966, P＞ 0. 05) hospitals decreased with no statistical significance. The asphyxia incidence in county-level hospitals decreased from 2. 48% to 1. 22% (χ2 = 2. 989, P =0. 084). The incidence of severe asphyxia in county-level hospitals decreased from 0.39% to 0. 00%(χ2=2. 567, P= 0. 035). Conclusions Setting up a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation leading group is an effective method to strengthen resuscitation practice training, promote the cooperation between departments, improve the level of neonatal resuscitation practice and therefore decrease the incidence of neonatal asphyxia in the hospital.