The method of defecography and its newly designed measuring ruler are described. There were 26 cases (27.08%) with abnormal findings in 96 subjects without defecatory disturbance. In 70 cases of normal value,the mean value of the anorectal angle(ARA) was 98.67?13.84 (62-123) at rest and 114.84?14.92 (94-151) during defecation. The distance between the anorectal junction (the upper part of anal canal) and the pubococcygeal line(DUAC) was 9.87?7.72 mm (-10-30 mm) at rest and 20.36?8.37 mm (-5-50 mm) during defecation. We suggest that the DUAC in Chinese should be ≤30 mm during defecation and the relative normal value of the parous women should be ≤35 mm. The length of the anal canal during defecation was 37.03?6 mm(25-50 mm), 39.67?5.47mm (30-50mm) in males and 34.33?4.19mm (27-50mm) in females. The distance between the sigmoid and the pubococcygeal line (DSPC) should be negative during defectation.

Objective To analyze the double contrast(DC) imaging of anterior gastric wall cancer,in order to raise the knowledge of the imaging feature.Methods DC examination was confirmed by clinical data check and pathology before the operation in 35 cases of anterior gastric wall cancer.Results Occurence rates of hanging droplets,white foggy phonomen,overhanging white line and linear signs were 78%,94%,66% and 88%,respectively.Multiple mural lines would appear if the stomach greater or lesser curvature was involved with cancer.When one or two signs of them was defined,it has important significance to diagnose.Conclusions DC imaging has characteristic manifestation in diagnosis of the anterior gastric wall cancer.In combination of cautiously observation,fully recognization on all sings,changes of peripheral tissues structure imaging in cancer lesion situs and along with comprehensive clinical analysis could raise the accuracy in diagnosis of the anterior gastric wall cancer,before the stomach cancer operation.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the variation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) number and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients ,and discuss the function of EPC in the progression of CVD in MHD. Methods One hundred and fifteen MHD patients over 18 years whose dialysis vintage was over six months from Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were enrolled. They were divided into CVD group and non ? CVD group by medical history, electrokardiographie (EKG), cardiac ultrasound, peripheral vascular imaging and cardiovascular imaging. Peripheral blood (5 ml) was collected for detecting EPC number by flow cytometry as CD34/CD133/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) cells. The EPC number between CVD group and non?CVD group was compared. The relationship between the decrease of EPC number and CVD risks in MHD patients was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. In a three?year follow?up, the death and new CVD events of the two groups were compared in order to discuss the relationship between EPC number and adverse events. Results Among 115 MHD patients, the average age was 61.57 ± 12.76, male/female was 71/44, the average dialysis vintage was (86.24 ± 56.31) months, the average Kt/V was 1.69 ± 0.29 and average ultrafiltration volume was (2.48 ± 0.90) L. Forty?four patients in 115 (38.3%) were with concurrent CVD. The EPC number in CVD group was significantly lower than that in non CVD group (P=0.015). The CVD group had higher serum phosphate (P=0.013), higher glycosylated hemoglobin (P<0.001), but serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and other indicators had no significant difference between two groups. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR=1.061), history of diabetes (OR=9.796), dialysis vintage (OR=1.015), serum phosphate (OR=3.766), decrease of EPC number (OR=0.909) were the independent impact factors of CVD events in MHD patients. There were 22 patients of the 115 MHD patients had encountered a new CVD event in a three?year follow?up between December 2012 and December 2015, 9 patients from the CVD group and 13 patients from the Non?CVD group, and there was no significant difference between two groups (P=0.776). Nine patients from the CVD group and 7 patients from the Non?CVD group died in the follow?up, and there was no significant difference (P=0.111). Seventy?one MHD patients from the non?CVD group were divided into two groups by the median of EPC number. There were 3 patients in the higher EPC number group encountered CVD events and 10 patients in the lower EPC number group encountered CVD events, which had significant difference (P=0.024). Conclusion The decrease of circulating EPC number may be related with CVD events in MHD patients. Even adjusted by age, sex, diabetes, dialysis vintage and serum phosphate, decreased EPC number is still the independent risk factor of CVD events in MHD patients. The decrease of EPC number in MHD patients may be used to predict the occurrence of cardiovascular events.

Objective To assess short term results of papilla functional status after endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) with thin-barium meal examination.Methods From August, 2001 to December, 2003, eighty-nine patients were included for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Size of EST was (0.5～1.5) cm. Patients were prospectively followed on the short term-period (7 days, 6 months and 1 year) by clinical and thin-barium(100/100 V/W) meal examination which would be observed biliary gas and barium reflux from duodenal papilla.Results The patient number of gas reflux shows: 19 of 89 cases(21.3%) in one week, 5 of 36 cases(13.9%) in six months, 13 of 23 cases (13.0%)in one year; barium reflux with thin-barium meal examination shows: 11 of 89 cases(12.4%) in one week, 3 of 36 cases(8.3%) in six months, 2 of 23 cases(8.7%) in one year. In the size of EST more than 1.1 cm, these were nine patients (47.4%) with gas reflux, and seven patients (36.8%) with barium reflux, and five patients with gas-barium mix reflux. 6 month and 1 year after sphincterotomy, includes EST size 1.2 cm,2 cases and 1.5 cm,3 cases.Conclusion Thin-barium meal examination of papilla function after endoscopic sphincterotomy is an efficient procedure. Incidence rate of gas reflux and thin barium reflux were closely related to the size of EST.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum phosphorus variability and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods A total of 502 MHD cases from Renji hospital hemodialysis center were registered in Shanghai Registry Network from January 2007 to April 2015. They were recruited with general information, laboratory results and outcomes. According to their median of coefficient of variation (CV) of blood phosphorus, the patients were divided into high variation group (CV≥0.226 mmol/L) and low variation group (CV<0.226 mmol/L). The relationship of serum phosphorus CV with all?cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality was assessed respectively. Results The average age was (63.9±14.6) years, the median dialysis age was 82.0 (43.0, 139.0) months, 118 patients (23.5%) died for all cause and 64 patients (12.7%) died for cardiovascular disease. Compared with patients in low phosphorus variation group, patients had a higher all?cause mortality in high phosphorus variation group (27.7% vs 19.3%, P=0.028). Higher cardiovascular disease mortality was observed in high variation group as well, but this difference was no statistical significant (15.4% vs 10.0%, P=0.082). COX regression analysis showed that >60 years of age (HR=2.762, 95%CI 1.707?4.468, P<0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.466, 95%CI 0.317?0.686, P<0.001), low albumin (HR=0.555, 95%CI 0.366?0.840, P=0.005), high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.479, 95%CI 1.023 ? 2.139, P=0.037) were independent risk factors for all ? cause mortality. Moreover, >60 years of age (HR=2.666, 95%CI 1.469?4.837, P=0.001), low hemoglobin (HR=0.480, 95%CI 0.238?0.801, P=0.005), and high CV of phosphorus (HR=1.655, 95%CI 1.003?2.729, P=0.049) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. There was no significant statistical difference between patients phosphorus on target and patients phosphorus below target in all?cause disease mortality (P=0.065) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.425). High variation group whose phosphorus on target had higher all?cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality than those in low variation group (29.2% vs 16.9%, P=0.047; 15.0% vs 6.0%, P=0.033). Kaplan?Meier method showed that patients with high phosphorus variation had higher all?cause (P=0.023) and cardiovascular disease mortality (P=0.047) than patients with low phosphorus variation. Conclusions The high CV of phosphorus is independently correlated with all?cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Patients with standard ? reaching phosphorus in the low variation group have a lower mortality. A serum phosphorus level sustainably reaching the standard may improve the survival in MHD patients.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients using objective score of nutrition on dialysis.Methods Patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomly selected and divided into three groups based on objective score of nutrition on dialysis:normal nutritional status group,moderate nutritional status group,and low nutritional status group.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors of malnutrition.Furthermore,the results were compared with those of subjective global assessment.Results Totally 75 patients(male:female =1.13∶1)with a mean age of(54.90 ± 12.10)years and a mean vintage of (85.37 ± 54.17)months were enrolled.As determined by objective score of nutrition on dialysis,15 patients (20％)were divided into normal nutritional status group,42(56％)into moderate nutritional status group,and 18(24％)into low nutritional status group.Compared with the normal nutritional status group,the low nutritional status group had significantly different body mass index[(19.81 ± 2.22)vs(23.90 ± 2.44)kg/m2,P =0.030]and dry weight[(50.85 ± 7.60)vs(59.94 ± 10.89)kg,P =0.020].In addition,compared with normal nutritional status group,the moderate nutritional status group and low nutritional status group had significantly different total cholesterol[(4.60 ± 0.84)and(3.73 ± 0.68)mmol/L vs(5.71 ± 1.64)mmol/L,P =0.011,P =0.000],normalized protein catabolic rate[1.17 and 1.15 g/(kg · d)vs 1.45 g/(kg · d),P =0.030,P =0.010],triceps skinfold thickness[(1.44±0.77)and(1.00±0.41)cmvs(1.80±0.63)cm,P=0.032,P=0.020],mid-ann circumference[(24.85±1.48)and(21.66±1.48)cmvs(24.99 ±2.30)cm,P=0.046,P =0.037].Logistic regression analysis indicated C-reactive protein(OR =12.482,95％ CI =0.190-130.928,P =0.035)and normalized protein catabolic rate(OR =0.128,95％ CI =0.022-0.736,P =0.021)were significantly correlated with malnutrition.Conclusion Malnutrition is common in hemodialysis patients,with inflammation and low protein intake being its independent factors.

Objective To investigate the value of urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP),neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and their combination in predicting the development and the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery in adults. Methods Scr,urinary L-FABP and NGAL corrected by urine creatinine at preoperation,0 h and 2 h postoperative time points were examined.The differences of above indexes between AKI and non-AKI groups were compared.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curves and area under curves (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of urinary L-FABP,NGAL and their combination for AKI. Results The cohort consisted of 109 patients,26(23.9％) developed AKI,and AKIN stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ was 46.2％,34.6％ and 19.2％ respectively.Levels of urinary L-FABP and NGAL were significantly higher in AKI patients at 0 h and 2 h postoperatively.AUC to predict AKI or AKI stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ was 0.81 to 0.87 using either of the biomarkers.The performance of combining two biomarkers was better with AUC of 0.911 to 0.927. Conclusions Urinary L-FABP and NGAL increase at the early stage after cardiac surgery.Combination of these two biomarkers enhances the accuracy of the early diagnosis of postoperative AKI after cardiac surgery before a rise of Scr.

Objective To determine the incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in respiratory failure patients.Method Clinical data of 235 patients diagnosed as respiratory failure admitted in respiratory division and internal medicine intensive care unit in Renji Hospital from January 2006 to December 2008 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients'demographics,clinical data and laboratory examinations before and after respiratory failure were collected.The incidence,clinical risk factors and hospital mortality of AKI in the respiratory failure patients were analyzed.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent risk factors of AKI in these patients.Results Of the total 235 patients,the average age was (70.05±12.85) years old,the ratio of male to female was 1.90:1.Seventy-seven patients developed AKI and the incidence was 32.8％.The incidence of AKI in those with hypertension (44.4％ vs 26.6％,P＜0.01) or chronic kidney disease(66.7％ vs 31.3％,P＜0.01) was significantly higher.The incidence of AKI in patients with mechanical ventilation was much higher than those without mechanical ventilation(44.8％ vs 13.3％,P＜0.01).The incidence of multi-organ system failure (33.8％ vs 5.7％,P＜0.01),the failure of weaning from mechanical ventilation(69.2％vs 32.5％,P＜0.01) and the mortality (51.9％ vs 13.3％,P＜0.01) in AK1 patients were higher than those without AKI.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.668),anemia (OR=0.980),baseline serum creatinine (OR=1.071) and mechanical ventilation (OR=3.222) were independent risk factors of AKI.Conclusions Incidence and mortality of AKI are quite high in respiratory failure patients.Age,baseline serum creatinine,anemia and mechanical ventilation are independent risk factors of AKI.

Objective To assess sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in patients on maintenance high flux hemodialysis, and discussed the associated factors. Methods A total of 112 high flux hemodialysis patients and 53 normal subjects were estimated by Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) to assess the sleep quality and day time sleepiness. Global score of these questionnaires were analyzed. Seven components' scores and 9 reasons for sleep disturbances were compared between "good" (global PSQI ≤5) and "bad" (global PSQI＞5) sleepers. Sleep quality was compared among different shifts of hemodialysis. The impact of clinical factors on sleep quality were analyzed by multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. Results Compared with control group, hemodialysis group had a higher PSQI (7.02±4.94 vs 3.28±2.79, P＜0.05) and a lower ESS score [3(0-6) vs 8(4.25-11.75), P＜0.05] . 58% patients were "bad" sleepers and sleep latency was longer (30 min vs 15 min, P＜0.05). Insomnia was the main problem. Patients on morning shift, afternoon shift and night shift had similar subjective sleep quality. Age (OR=1.75, P=0.003), dialysis vintage (OR=1.26, P=0.008),hemoglobin (OR=0.64, P=0.008), calcium phosphate product (OR=1.60, P=0.02) were significantly related to sleep quality score. Conclusions Sleep disturbance is common in hemodialysis patients. Older age, longer dialysis vintage, anemia and higher calcium phosphate product are risk factors for poor sleep quality.

Objective To investigate the incidence and the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and to find out the risk factors associated with the outcome for better understanding and preventing AKI among inpatients. Methods All the hospitalized patients were screened by Lab Administration Network of Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from Jan.to Dec.2009.Study cohort was comprised of all the patients with AKI defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and with complete clinical data recorded.The incidence,etiology and distribution characteristics, prognosis of AKI in hospitalized patients were retrospectively analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of patients and renal outcome. Results A total of 934 patients with AKI were enrolled.The incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients was 2.41％ (934/38 734).The ratio of male to female was 1.88∶1.Age was (60.82±16.94) years old.Increasing incidence could be seen with age rising.There was 63.4％ AKI found in surgical department,35.4％ in internal medicine department and 1.2％ in obstetric and gynecologic department.Pre-AKI,acute tubular necrosis (ATN),acute glomerular and renal vascular injury (AGV),acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) and post-AKI were accounted for 51.7％,37.7％,3.8％,3.5％ and 3.3％ of the causes of AKI,respectively.On day 28,the survival rate was 71.8％,complete renal recovery rate was 65.7％,partial renal recovery rate was 16.9％ and renal loss rate was 17.4％ among all the patients with AKI.The mortality of AKI with stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ among inpatients was 24.8％,31.2％ and 43.7％ respectively.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that renal injury drugs [odds ratio (OR)=2.313],hypotension (OR=4.482),oliguria (OR =5.267),the number of failure organs except kidney (OR =1.376) and requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT)(OR=4.221) were independent risk factors for death among AKI patients.The number of failure organs except kidney (OR=1.529) and RRT (OR=2.117) were independent risk factors for kidney loss. Conclusions AKI is one of the most common complications in hospitalized patients.The mortality is high and renal outcome is poor after AKI.The prognosis is closely associated with the severity of AKI.Renal injury drugs,hypotension,oliguria,the number of failure organs except kidney and requiring RRT are independent risk factors for death among AKI patients,while the number of failure organs except kidney and requiring RRT are independent risk.factors for renal loss.