Objective To explore the influence of the clinical pathway to control on hospital stay and medical expenses of pediatric rotavirus enteritis.Methods 245 infants with IRE were randomly assigned into two groups,109 in research group,136 in control group.All were treated with conventional therapy,for research group with clinical pathway.136 patients with previous medical routine therapy patients in the control group were compared.Compared two sets of average day in hospital,cure rate and cost,expenses for medicine and checking expenses proportion.Results The results shwed that the observation group of children's average hospital stay was lower than the control group,the cure rate higher than that in the control group,each time of total cost,expenses for medicine,each day medicine reducing( P ＜ 0.05 ).Checking expenses proportion was increased ( P ＜ 0.05),as to therapeutic effect,there was significant difference between two groups( P ＜ 0.05 ).Both expenses of drug ratio and ratio of the average daily expenses of drug are reduced.Conclusion Clinical pathway is applied in pediatric rotavirus enteritis can improve recovery rate,reduce hospitalization time and lower hospitalization fees and expenses,charges,medicine and inspection charge proportion.And can improve health education effect and patient satisfaction.

OBJECTIVETo explore the impacts of antiretroviral treatment on drug use and high risk sexual behaviors among HIV-positive MMT clients.

METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted in patients undergoing ART (ART-experienced) and patients not undergoing ART (ART-naive) attending MMT in 5 clinics in Yunnan Honghe and Dehong prefectures in 2014. A questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic characteristics, ART and MMT information and sexual and drug use behaviors within 3 months before the investigation was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors for drug use and risky sexual behaviors.

RESULTSA total of 328 cases were included in the analysis, among which 202 were ART-experienced and 126 were ART-naÏve. Among 152 respondents who were sexually active, 61 (40.1%) reported having unprotected sex (UPS) with their regular partners in the prior 3 months. A total of 57.6% (189/328) of the respondents used drugs in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that younger than 35 years old (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.23-10.37), fertility desire (OR = 4.47, 95% CI: 1.49-13.41), partner being HIV-positive (OR = 4.62, 95% CI: 1.80-11.86), length of MMT attendance less than 5 years (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.14-7.53), agreed that it was necessary to use condom no matter the viral load is high or low (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.04-0.51) were protective factors of UPS in the prior 3 months. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that being Han (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24-0.89), feeling having good health status (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18-0.85), being enrolled in ART (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.60) were protective factors for drug use in the prior three months, having contact with drug using friends (OR = 4.41, 95% CI: 2.31-8.29), having experience of missing an MMT dose (OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.92-6.29), and not satisfied with current MMT dose (OR = 13.92, 95% CI: 3.24-59.93) were risk factors for drug use during the prior three months.

CONCLUSIONART was not associated with risky sexual behavior and drug use in the prior 3 months in this population. Future interventions should promote ART among this population, and provide education at the same time to prevent the emergence of cross infections and drug-resistant strains.

Anti-HIV Agents ; China ; Condoms ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; HIV Infections ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Organometallic Compounds ; Protective Factors ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Unsafe Sex

Objective An approach for analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies using Hiseq high-throughput sequencing (hereinafter referred to as Hiseq sequencing) technique was developed and then applied to investigate a possible case of HCV needle sharing transmission. Methods One case of HCV antibody seroconversion (P1) was found in a methadone clinic on January 15, 2015. Four HCV antibody positive injecting drug users (IDUs), P2 to P5, suspected to be involved in needle sharing transmission with P1 during the period (after March 24, 2014) that P1 may be infected with HCV were investigated, and another 28 HCV antibody positive IDUs were selected as controls (C1 to C28). These controls came from the same methadone clinic or lived in the same town with P1. The RNAs were extracted from the plasma specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HCV subtyping, Hiseq sequencing was performed to detect and sequence the HCV quasispecies (263 bp) in the specimens with the same subtype as P1. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated. Results The HCV subtype of specimen P1 was 3b. All the other specimens with the same subtype were P2, C7, C12, C14, C15, C16, C19, C20 and C28. Hiseq sequencing was successfully performed in 9 out of these 10 specimens, and 249 753 to 1 086 333 (average 869 608) cleaned sequences representing 3 to 172 (average 48) unique HCV quasispecies were obtained. The medians (P50) of intrapersonal genetic diversities from the 9 specimens were 0.4% to 12.3%. The P50 (P25, P75) of genetic diversities between P1 and the other 8 specimens were 19.0% (18.4%, 19.8%), 10.4%(2.8%, 18.3%), 19.6% (17.8%, 21.4%),24.9% (23.8%, 26.1%), 19.8% (18.7%, 20.7%), 20.1% (18.9%, 21.2%), 20.6% (20.0%, 21.1%), 23.6% (22.4%, 24.8%). There were no significant difference between the genetic diversities of P1 and P2 and those of P1 and other 7 specimens (H=9.40, P=0.100). The genetic diversities between few HCV quasispecies from P1 and few ones from C7 were 0. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that there was no HCV transmission relationship between P1 and P2, but there was HCV transmission relationship between P1 and C7. Conclusion With the feature of high-throughput, easier operation and lower cost, Hiseq sequencing technique has high practical value in tracing HCV transmission at the quasispecies level.

Objective An approach for analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies using Hiseq high-throughput sequencing (hereinafter referred to as Hiseq sequencing) technique was developed and then applied to investigate a possible case of HCV needle sharing transmission. Methods One case of HCV antibody seroconversion (P1) was found in a methadone clinic on January 15, 2015. Four HCV antibody positive injecting drug users (IDUs), P2 to P5, suspected to be involved in needle sharing transmission with P1 during the period (after March 24, 2014) that P1 may be infected with HCV were investigated, and another 28 HCV antibody positive IDUs were selected as controls (C1 to C28). These controls came from the same methadone clinic or lived in the same town with P1. The RNAs were extracted from the plasma specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HCV subtyping, Hiseq sequencing was performed to detect and sequence the HCV quasispecies (263 bp) in the specimens with the same subtype as P1. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated. Results The HCV subtype of specimen P1 was 3b. All the other specimens with the same subtype were P2, C7, C12, C14, C15, C16, C19, C20 and C28. Hiseq sequencing was successfully performed in 9 out of these 10 specimens, and 249 753 to 1 086 333 (average 869 608) cleaned sequences representing 3 to 172 (average 48) unique HCV quasispecies were obtained. The medians (P50) of intrapersonal genetic diversities from the 9 specimens were 0.4% to 12.3%. The P50 (P25, P75) of genetic diversities between P1 and the other 8 specimens were 19.0% (18.4%, 19.8%), 10.4%(2.8%, 18.3%), 19.6% (17.8%, 21.4%),24.9% (23.8%, 26.1%), 19.8% (18.7%, 20.7%), 20.1% (18.9%, 21.2%), 20.6% (20.0%, 21.1%), 23.6% (22.4%, 24.8%). There were no significant difference between the genetic diversities of P1 and P2 and those of P1 and other 7 specimens (H=9.40, P=0.100). The genetic diversities between few HCV quasispecies from P1 and few ones from C7 were 0. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that there was no HCV transmission relationship between P1 and P2, but there was HCV transmission relationship between P1 and C7. Conclusion With the feature of high-throughput, easier operation and lower cost, Hiseq sequencing technique has high practical value in tracing HCV transmission at the quasispecies level.