Microglia can be activated immediately after acute cerebral ischemia and play a role of double-edged sword of nerve repair and neurotoxicity.Studies in recent years have suggested that this dual role of microglia can be achieved by a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signal transduction pathway.Therefore,reasonable regulation of TLR2 expression of microglia may improve the therapeutic effect of cerebral ischemia to a certain extent.This article reviews the mechanisms of TLR2 in cerebral ischemia and the possible interventions.

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) are heterogeneous autoimmune antibodies, which target at a group of antigens expressed in endothelial cells. In 1971, AECA was reported by Lindquist and Osterland for the first time. Since then, an increasing number of researches have showed that AECA exists and plays potential pathogenic role in the immune or inlfammation-related diseases, especially in systemic vasculitis. AECA may be a useful sera marker for the diagnosis and prognosis judgment of related autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the relationship between AECA and systemic vasculitis.

Objective To determine whether or not capsazepine(CPZ),a transient receptor po-tential vanilloid-1(TRPV1)antagonist,attenuates lidocaine-induced cytotoxicity on rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG)neurons in vitro.Methods Adequate DRG neurons from 3-day neonatal Wistar rats were obtained,cultured and purified in vitro.To achieve higher cell viability,we reduced the concen-tration of trypsin to 0.125% compared with others.The purified DRG neurons were incubated with 0,2.5,5,10,20 and 40 mmol/L lidocaine for 10 min,respectively,their viabilities were examined using Cell Counting Kit(CCK-8)assay,and the lethal concentration 50(LC50 )of lidocaine on DRG neurons was calculated.Then,the variation of lidocaine-induced cell viability at LC50 ,when 0,1,10 and 100 μmol/L CPZ were respectively added to the incubations,was examined with CCK-8 assay. Results The purified percentage of DRG neurons was as high as 91% after digesting by 0.125%trypsin and purifying in vitro.Cell viability of DRG neurons in group L1,L2,L3,L4,L5 was signifi-cantly down regulated compared with the control group,to be specific,that of L3,L4,L5 being re-markably lower than that of L1,that of L4,L5 lower than that of L2 and that of L5 lower than that L3 and L4.After lidocaine induced DRG neurons for 10 min,LC50 was 30 mmol/L;10 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L CPZ significantly reduced LC50 DRG neuron toxicity induced by lidocaine (P <0.05). The effect of 10 μmol/L CPZ had reached the maximal effect,decreasing the cell viability decrease from 50% to 35%.Conclusion The novel method in this experiment is effective to obtain good DRG neurons,the LC50 of lidocaine on rat DRG neurons is 30 mmol/L,and CPZ attenuates the cytotoxicity induced by lidocaine on rat DRG neurons.

Carcinoma of pancreas is the most common primar y pancreatic malignancy. Symptoms usually are nonspecific and include abdominal pain, jaundice, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. CT usually demonstrates a mass with ill-defined margins but also solid components and dil atation of the main pancreatic duct. This tumor is usually smaller and virtuall y never contains calcification. Following contrast material administration,all masses were enhanced less than the surrounding pancreas. Tumors were oval, rou nd or lobular,and is almost always locally invasive. These features can be used to differentiate carcinoma of pancreas from other pancreatic tumors.

Objective To analyze the expression and the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on hepatic ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods The rat model of 45 min hepatic ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion was used. Animals were divided into 3 groups: the pseudoperated control group (P), I/R group and treated group with NAC at a dose of 300 mg/kg at 5 min before reperfusion (I/R-NAC). Plasma concentrations of ALT, AST and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at various time points were measured. The expression of TLR4 protein and mRNA was detected in liver tissue by using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.Results The TLR4 expression, plasma ALT, AST and LPS levels were markedly increased during 45 min hepatic ischemia and 24 h reperfusion, but they were lower in I/R-NAC group and no alteration almost in group P. The plasma concentrations showed a significant correlation between ALT, AST and LPS at different time points in I/R group and I/R-NAC group.Conclusion LPS and TLR4 play a prominent role in the pathophysiological processes of I/R and NAC can be of therapeutic potential for reducing the expression of TLR4 mRNA and alleviating endotoxemia derived from gut.

Objective:To explore dynamic change of heart rate variability (HRV) before and after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA ) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and its relationship with postoperative recur‐rence .Methods:A total of 108 PAF patients undergoing left atrial circumferential pulmonary vein electrically isolated ra‐diofrequency ablation were selected .According to 12‐lead DCG on 3d and three months after operation ,patients were di‐vided into early recurrence group (n=10) ,late recurrence group (n=21) and no recurrence group (n=77) .HRV changes were followed up and compared among all groups .Results:Compared with before ablation ,on 3d after ablation ,there were significant reductions in standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals calculated over the 24 h period (SDNN) , standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals in all 5 min segments of the entire recording (SDANN) ,root‐mean square of differences betweensuccessive normal to normal intervals (rMSSD) ,low frequency (LF) ,high frequency (HF) in no recurrence group ;significant rise in mean heart rate ,and significant reductions in SDNN ,LF and LF/HF in early recur‐rence group ( P< 0.05 or <0.01);compared with no recurrence group ,there were significant rise in mean heart rate [(69.3 ± 11.2) beats/min vs .(75.4 ± 14.0) beats/min] ,SDANN[(66.9 ± 25.7)ms vs .(137.5 ± 92.3)ms] ,rMSSD [(22.1 ± 10.6)ms vs .(46.2 ± 19.2)ms] ,LF [(233.1 ± 31.4)ms vs .(251.7 ± 17.3)]and HF[(228.0 ± 82.4) ms2 vs . (508.0 ± 13.5) ms2 ] ,and significant reduction in LF/HF[(1.13 ± 0.53) ms2 vs .(0.41 ± 0.13) ms2 ]in early recurrence group (P<0.05 or < 0.01);significant rise in rMSSD [(23.9 ± 11.10) ms2 vs .(52.0 ± 28.7) ms2 ]and HF[(344.4 ± 103.2) ms2 vs .(482.1 ± 100.6) ms2 ] ,and significant reduction in LF/HF[(1.16 ± 0.41) vs .(0.85 ± 0.43)]in late recur‐rence group , P<0. 05 or <0. 01. Conclusion:Vagal tone reduction may reduce recurrence after CPVA in PAF patients .

Heart failure is a serious and terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases,is one of the most important heart diseases,and it also the most common reason for hospitalization.In recent years,studies on new markers in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of heart failure have made great progress,such as B-type brain natriuretic peptide can partially reflect hemodynamic imbalance,troponin can indicate cardiomyocyte injury,soluble ST2 and galectin-3 indicate myocardium remodeling and fibrosis,C-reactive protein,cystatin C and procalcitonin,and copeptin have significant prognostic value for outcomes,microRNA in the regulation of gene expression influence heart failure.

Objective To properly choose and employ an air disinfect-purifying machine in ICU. Method This paper analyses the principle of air disinfect-purifying machine and put forward some attention-deserved problems such as the value of CADR in clinical application. Conclusion. The disinfect-purifying machine with different CADR value should be chosen according to the area of air disinfect-purifying district, thus can really bring the machine into full play.

This report indroduces the characterization of tetrodotoxin (TTX),and its pharmacological and clinical actions.