To investigate the expression of xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 （） in papillary thyroid cancer （PTC） and its clinical implication. The HPA and UALCAN databases were used to explore the expression of XPR1 in PTC and normal tissues. The cBioPortal database was used to obtain the clinical data of PTC patients and gene expression profile. The correlation of expression with gender，age，sub-types，T stage，N stage，M stage and clinical stage of patients were analyzed. Cox regression was conducted to analysis the factors affecting the prognosis of PTC patients. The mutation of was assessed through cBioPortal database. GO and KEGG analyses were used to explore the related biological pathway of involved in PTC. HPA database analysis showed that XPR1 was highly expressed in PTC tissue compared with normal tissues. UALCAN analysis displayed that expression was significantly higher in PTC tissue compared with normal tissues （<0.01），and the highest and lowest expressions of were observed in tall cell and follicular sub-type of PTC，respectively. The expression of was correlated with age，sub-types，T stage，N stage and disease stage of PTC patients （<0.05 or <0.01），but was not correlated with gender and M stage （all >0.05）. Cox regression analysis showed that was an independent prognostic factor of PTC patients （=2.894，<0.05）. The cBioPortal database indicated that the mutation appeared in 6% PTC patients; the mutation type mainly was missense and the mutation point was located at the E615K. Enrichment analysis indicated that might affect the PTC progression through involvement in metabolic pathway. is highly expressed in PTC tissues，which is associated with the prognosis of patients. Metabolic pathway associated with might play an important role in PTC progression，indicating that might be a novel biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of PTC.
Humans ; Prognosis ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics* ; Receptors, Virus/genetics* ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary/genetics* ; Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics*

Rotaviruses, which are recognized as one of the major etiological agents among infants and young children with diarrhea, consist of three concentric layers of protein capsid with the enclosed double-stranded RNA genome. Rotaviruses infect host cells mainly by identifying the specific receptors on cell surfaces and binding to them. Therefore, receptors are important factors for viruses infecting cells. So far, there have been many receptors found to be involved in rotavirus infection, including sialic acid, integrin, Toll-like receptor, and blood group antigen. This article provides an overview of receptors involved in rotavirus infection.
Animals ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rotavirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Rotavirus Infections ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; virology ; Receptors, Virus ; metabolism ; Virus Integration

To determine the functions of N-carbohydrate chains in human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) protein, a PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis method was used to obtain N-glycan mutants. Protein electrophoresis rate, cell surface expression,receptor binding activity, neuraminidase activity and cell fusion promotion activity were determined. The HN proteins of single mutants (G1, G2, and G4) and multiple mutants (G12, G14, G24 and G124) migrated faster than the wild-type (wt) HN protein on polyacrylamide gels, while G3-mutated protein and wt HN protein migrated at the same position. There was no statistic difference in cell surface expression and neuraminidase activity between wt and each mutant HN protein (P>0.05), but receptor binding activity and cell fusion promotion activity of each mutant protein was reduced to significant extent (P<0.05). G1, G2 and G4 mutants exhibited re duced receptor binding activity, which was 83.94%, 76.45% and 55.32% of the wt level, respectively. G1, G2 and G4-mutated proteins also showed reductions in fusion promotion activity, which was 80.84%, 77.83% and 64.16%, respectively. Multiple mutants with G12-, G14-, G24- and G124- substitutions could further reduce receptor binding activities, 33.07%, 20.67%, 19.96% and 15.11% of the wt HN level, respectively. G12, G14, G24 and G124 mutants exhibited levels of fusion promotion activity that were only 46.360, 12.04%, 13.43% and 4.05% of the wt amount, respectively. As N-glycans of hPIV3 HN protein play an important role in receptor binding activity and cell fusion promotion activity of HN protein. We propose that the loss of N-glycans change the conformation or orientation of globular domain that is responsible for receptor binding and lower receptor binding activity and cell fusion promotion activi ty.
Glycosylation ; HN Protein ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human ; chemistry ; enzymology ; genetics ; physiology ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Virus ; metabolism ; Respirovirus Infections ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Internalization

The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three types pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells play a pivotal role in the first line of host defense system. PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Three types PRRs have their own features in ligand recognition and cellular location. Activated PRRs deliver signals to adaptor molecules (MyD88, TRIF, IRAK, IPS-1), which act as important messengers to activate downstream kinases (IKK complex, MAPKs, TBK1, RIP-1) and transcription factors (NF-kappaB, AP-1, IRF3), which produce effected molecules including cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes, and type I interferons. This review focuses on discussing PRRs signaling pathways and achievements in this field in order to provide beneficial strategies for human life and immune diseases prevention.
Animals ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Diseases ; immunology ; metabolism ; virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; physiology ; Bacteriophages ; chemistry ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; chemistry ; Vibrio cholerae ; virology

Full-length coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) eukaryotic expression plasmid was transfected into an ovarian cell line, SKOV3, and its effect on the change of malignant metastasis phenotype was explored. CAR mRNA and protein expression levels among 4 ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, SKOV3, SW626, CAOV3) and the positive control 293 (a transformed human embryo kidney cell line) was detected by using semi-quantitative RT-RCR and Western blot and compared. CAR-negative SKOV3 was transfected with the eukaryotic expression plasmid containing a full-length CAR cDNA and mock-vector respectively. The positive clones were screened by G418. The biological behavior changes of positive transfected cells were gauged by colony formation in soft agar assay and cell adhesion assay. Among the cell lines, there were obviously different CAR expression levels. CAR could not be detected in SKOV3. In transfected cell group, CAR expression was enhanced obviously as compared with non-transfected or mock-transfected groups. Cell adhesion in the transfected group was promoted. The number of colony formation was reduced significantly in transfected groups (25.32 +/- 8.91) as compared with that in non-transfected group (88.75 +/- 13. 98) and mock-transfected group (82.53 +/- 19.37). Among the 4 ovarian cancer cell lines, CAR expression level was variable. Exogenous CAR expression had a potential role in inhibiting the malignant metastasis phenotype of ovary cancer cells.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*pathology ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Virus/*biosynthesis ; Receptors, Virus/genetics ; Transfection

Hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection has become one of the global public health problem,while there is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection, the so-called "cocktail" therapy that use a combination of drugs targeting multiple steps in the HCV infection cycle could achieve better curative effect. the process of HCV entering into host cell is the important step of drug intervention, in which HCV envelope protein El and E2, Host cell factors including Heparan sulfate(HS), CD81, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), Occludin (OCLD), Claudin (CLDN), low densitity lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), Liver/lymph node specific ICAM-3-grabbing integrin(L-SIGN), trans- ferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and so on play a important role. The virus and the host factors can be used as targets of hcv entry inhibitors many studies have shown that as novel and promising compounds, HCV entry inhibitors combinating with other drugs can be more effective in the treatment of HCV, this paper have re- viewed targets and inhibitors of HCV enterring into host cell since 1990s.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Hepacivirus ; drug effects ; physiology ; Hepatitis C ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Humans ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; drug effects

BACKGROUND: Endothelial cells play a key role in the cytokine storm caused by influenza A virus. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is an important regulator in inflammation. Its role in the inflammatory response to influenza A infection, however, has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the role as well as the underlying mechanism of miR-155 in the cytokine production in influenza A-infected endothelial cells. METHODS: Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were infected with the influenza A virus strain H1N1. The efficiency of H1N1 infection was confirmed by immunofluorescence. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and miR-155 were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. A dual-luciferase reporter assay characterized the interaction between miR-155 and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1). Changes in the target protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: MiR-155 was elevated in response to the H1N1 infection in HPMECs (24 h post-infection vs. 0 h post-infection, 3.875 ± 0.062 vs. 1.043 ± 0.013, P = 0.001). Over-expression of miR-155 enhanced inflammatory cytokine production (miR-155 mimic vs. negative control, all P < 0.05 in regard of cytokine levels) and activation of nuclear factor kappa B in infected HPMECs (miR-155 mimic vs. negative control, P = 0.004), and down-regulation of miR-155 had the opposite effect. In addition, S1PR1 was a direct target of miR-155 in the HPMECs. Inhibition of miR-155 enhanced the expression of the S1PR1 protein. Down-regulation of S1PR1 decreased the inhibitory effect of the miR-155 blockade on H1N1-induced cytokine production and nuclear factor kappa B activation in HPMECs. CONCLUSION MiR-155 maybe modulate influenza A-induced inflammatory response by targeting S1PR1.
Down-Regulation ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics* ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza, Human/genetics* ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mRNA expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-COV) functional receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), in human femoral head and conjunctiva, and explore the possible entry route of SARS-COV in human femoral head.

METHODSACE2 mRNA in human femoral head was detected by nested RT-PCR with human beta actin gene as the positive control.

RESULTSThe mRNA of human beta actin gene could be amplified efficiently in all the tissue samples. The mRNA of human ACE2 was expressed efficiently in the normal lung tissue, but not in the cartilage and cancellous bone under the weight-bearing area of the femoral head.

CONCLUSIONSARS-COV can not infect the femoral head tissue and lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head directly by the spike glycoprotein, and mechanism of the virus for causing avascular necrosis needs further investigation.

Femoral Neck Fractures ; metabolism ; Femur Head ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS Virus ; metabolism