Physical performance in older adults is known to decline with ageing. However, there is limited information about physical performance among older adults with three different cognitive domains; successful (SA), usual ageing (UA) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in physical performance among older adults in these three categorised cognitive groups. This study is part of a larger scale population based longitudinal study on neuroprotective model for healthy longevity among older adults (LRGS TUA). Physical performance were assessed using hand grip (HGT; upper limb strength), 2 minutes step (2MST; endurance), sit to stand (STS; lower limb strength), sit and reach (SRT; lower body flexibility), timed up and go (TUG; mobility and balance), back scratch (BST; upper body flexibility) and gait speed (GS; walking speed) tests. Cognitive status were measured using Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) for global function, Digit Span for attention and working memory; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) for verbal memory. Participants were categorised in three cognitive groups; SA, UA and MCI. SA group were those without diabetes, hypertension, chronic lung disease, cancer, heart diseases and stroke, had normal scores in MMSE (score of >22), optimum self-rated health and no functional limitations measured using Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaire (IADL). Participants with MCI had subjective information of cognitive impairment from caretakers, minimum or low functional limitation, global function with ≤ 19 score on MMSE and 1 SD from below the normal mean of the group for Digit Span and RAVLT. Older adults with UA had minimal or no functional limitation and average scores of MMSE, Digit Span and RAVLT which were between the scores of SA and MCI group. Data was collected among 1291 participants in Phase three of LRGS TUA study. Data was analysed for differences among the three groups using one way ANOVA test. The results showed that majority of older adults were categorized as UA group (71.14%), followed by SA (15.19% ) and MCI (12.72%). Higher performance in physical performance measures except in SRT were demonstrated in SA group compared to MCI and UA groups. Post hoc Sheffe test showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the SA and UA group for all tests except for HGT and SRT. MCI and UA groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) in STS, TUG and GST tests. The results suggested that UA and MCI groups had reduced physical performance in lower limb muscle strength, mobility, balance and walking speed compared SA group. Promoting optimum physical performance is important among older adults for successful ageing

Introduction: There is limited information regarding the effects of interactive virtual reality (VR) games on psychological and physical well-being among adults with physical disabilities. We aimed to examine the impact of VR games on psychological well-being, upper limb motor function and reaction time in adults with physical disabilities. Methods: Fifteen participants completed the intervention using Wii VR games in this pilot study. Depressive, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) and Capabilities of Upper Extremity (CUE) questionnaires were used to measure psychological well-being and upper limb motor function respectively. Upper limb reaction time was measured using reaction time test. Results: Results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in DASS questionnaire and average reaction time score after intervention. Conclusion: There is a potential for using interactive VR games as an exercise tool to improve psychological wellbeing and upper limb reaction time among adults with disabilities.

In this study, we aimed to determine gender specific age-related decline in anthropometry status, physical performance (PP) and physical activity (PA) in older persons with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prospectively over 3 years. Within-group changes across three time points (baseline-Wave 1, 18 months-Wave 2, 36 months-Wave 3) based on gender and cognitive status were determined. Data was collected at Wave 3 of a longitudinal study: “Neuroprotective Model for Health Longevity among Elderly”. Secondary data from Wave 1 and 2 was obtained for analysis. Older persons with MCI were categorised to have subjective memory problems (answered ‘yes’ on item 10 of Geriatric Depression Scale), scored at least 1.5 SD below mean average on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Digit Span, no dementia, no problems with activities in daily living, intact global cognition (>19/30: Mini Mental State Examination) and without depression (Geriatric Depression Scale 15-items,≤4). Anthropometry measurements and a battery of PP tests were performed. PA was measured using Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire. Data from 779 older persons (67.7 ± 5.3 years) consisting of 372 men (68.0 ± 5.2 years) and 407 women (67.4 ± 5.4) who completed all tests from Wave 1 to Wave 3 were analysed. There was a decline in PP (-0.7% to -14.1% per year), PA levels (-0.7% to -14.1% per year) and anthropometry status (-0.1% to -6.3% per year), except for percentage body fat (+9.9% per year) with advancing age. Within-group changes over the three years showed significant differences (p<0.05) in height and PA in non-MCI and MCI men and lower body flexibility in non-MCI and MCI women. Specifically, tailored physical and nutritional health prevention and promotion strategies for older persons based on gender and cognitive status may be beneficial to support person-centered care.