Pages 110, 111, 113 were published incorrectly.
Radioisotopes*

Molecular targeting may be defined as the specific concentration of a diagnostic or therapeutic tracer by its interaction with a molecular species that is distinctly present or absent in a disease state. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) is one of the successful agents for targeted therapy in cancer. To enhance the therapeutic effect, the concept of targeting radionuclides to tumors using radiolabeled mAbs against tumor-associated antigens, radioimmunotherapy, was proposed. The efficacy of radioimmunotherapy, however, has to be further optimized. Several strategies to improve targeting of tumors with radiolabeled mAbs have been developed, such as the use of mAb fragments, the use of high-affinity mAbs, the use of labeling techniques that are stable in vivo, active removal of the radiolabeled mAb from the circulation, and pretargeting strategies. Until now, however, there are many kinds of obstacles to be solved in the use of mAb for the targeted therapy. Major technical challenges to molecular targeting are related to the rapid and specific delivery of tracers to the target, the elimination of unwanted background activity, and the development of more specific targets to create a cytocidal effect. Further development of this field will be determined by success in solving these challenges.
Radioimmunotherapy* ; Radioisotopes

The application of the artificial radioactive isotopes in the medicine (diagnosis, treatment, prevention and biomedical research) has been developing rapidly. The Vietnam nuclear medical profession contributed to improve the quality of the diagnosis, treatment, functional test and imaging tests of thyroid, kidney, liver, blood and hematopoietic organ, disgestive absorption. Up to 2005, the nuclear medicine will develop the immuno radioactive image, use of radioactive marked specific antibodies to obtain the special tumor image and treatment of cancer by the radioactive suitable agents bound antibodies
Nuclear Medicine ; Radioisotopes

Introduction: Radioactive Iodine therapy is an established therapeutic application of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. However, the proven benefits of ionizing radiation of Iodine-131 also carry potential toxicities to other normal exposed tissues. Good water hydration during the course of RAI therapy is one of the radiation protection measures to minimize toxicities, directed to increase excretion of unbound iodine from the body. Apparently, a number of recognized medical societies had different recommendations on the amount of water intake during radioactive iodine therapy. Objective: To determine if there is a significant difference in the decrease of exposure rate, total effective dose equivalent, and length of stay of differentiated thyroid cancer patients undergoing high dose RAI when comparing between different amounts of water intake per day (<3L/day vs > 3 L/day). Methods: This study employed a prospective cohort design. Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) admitted for high-dose RAI therapy at Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center were included in the study. Dose rate and water intake volume were measured and total effective dose equivalent was computed every 24-hrs until discharged. Student t test was used to compare two water intake levels on quantitative variables while fisher exact test for categorical data. Results: A total of 47 participants were included in the study with 28 patients under > 3L/day group and 19 patients under < 3L/day with a mean consumption of 4.9 L/day and 2.3 L/day, respectively. There was no significant difference on the mean exposure rate between those who consumed at least 3L (15.3 mR/hr) against those who consumed less than 3L (17.3 mR/hr) during the time of intake, after the 24 hours (p=.9935) and 48 hours (p=.7523). Likewise, there is no significant difference on their mean total effective dose equivalent [in per day during intake (p=.9678), 24 hours (p=.4141) and 48 hours (p=.6706)]. The mean length of hospital stay is also the same for both groups with 1.7 days. Conclusion The study concludes that consuming different volume of water per day (> 3 L/day vs < 3L/ day) have the same rate of decreased in exposure rate, total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) as well as the same length of hospital
Thyroid Neoplasms ; Adenocarcinoma ; Iodine Radioisotopes

This paper is described on the development of KOTRON-13 and recent status of PET cyclotron by commercial cyclotron companies. KIRAMS has developed medical cyclotron which is KIRAMS-13. Samyoung Unitech produces KOTRON-13 with transfered technology by KIRAMS. As a part of Regional Cyclotron Installation Project, KOTRON-13 cyclotrons and [18F]FDG production modules are being installed at regional cyclotron centers in Korea. The medical concern with radiation technology has been growing for the last several years. Early cancer diagnosis through the cyclotron and PET-CT have been brought to public attention by commercial cyclotron models in the world. The new commercial cyclotron models are introduced compact low energy cyclotrons developed by CTI, GE, Sumitomo in recent. It produces different short-lived radioisotopes, such as [18F], [11C], [13N] and [15O]. For the better reliability acceleration particle is proton only. The characteristics of new model cyclotrons are changed to lower energy corresponding to less 13 MeV. New models have self-shielding and low power consumption. Design criteria for the different types of commercial cyclotrons are described with reference to hospital demands.
Acceleration ; Cyclotrons* ; Diagnosis ; Korea ; Protons ; Radioisotopes

BACKGROUND: Blood-foreign interaction cause activation of coagulation and inflammatory process that may lead to multiorgan dysfunction and determine the surgical outcomes.Of the methods for assessing the biocompatibility,the platelet adhesion study is considered as the most valuable evaluation step in blood-foreign interaction.As the most studies have used in-vitro or ex-vivo conditions,we have developed a technique of quantification for platelet adhesion on the blood contact surface by using in-vivo injection of radioactive platelets. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A coupled bypass circuit was designed to connect the proximal and descending thoracic aorta in 6 piglets(20~25 Kg).One side of the circuit tube was consisted of a heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Experimental group),and the other,a non-heparin coated PVC tube(10mm in ID, n=6, Control group).After cannulation,the blood was circulated through the circuit for 2 hours. Platelet concentrate was prepared from homologous pig blood 24 hours before the experiment.The platelet concentrate was incubated with Tc-99m-HMPAO for 30 min and then centrifuged for 10 min.The supernatant was discarded and the radio-labeling efficacy was measured.The radio-labeled platelet concentrate was mixed with the autologous plasma to make the volume 5 ml,and the mixture was injected intravenously into the experimental animal.After 2 hour circulation, 5 pieces of the specimen(10mm in length each)were obtained from each PVC tube.The radioisotopes were counted with a gamma counter(Cobra II,Packard,USA),and the ratio of radioisotope count was compared between the control and experimental group. RESULT: The radioisotope count number was 537.3221.1 Ci/min in the control group and 311.1 184.5 Ci/min in the experimental group(p=0.0104).The ratio between the groups was 1 to 0.58 (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: In vivo quantification using technetium-99m-HMPAO labeled platelets is simple and reproducible in evaluating platelet adhesion on a foreign surface.We suggest this technique to be a useful tool for blood compatibility test.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Blood Platelets ; Heparin ; Plasma ; Radioisotopes

Summary: Traditional medicine have a certain effect in precancer stage and prevention of progress cancer. Its effective treaments show in: prolong of patient’life with cancer, decrease side effects and increase efficiencies after radioactive and chemical treatment. Traditional medicine directly inhibit and destroy cancer cells, promote immunization capacity, control endocrine function, avoid mutation
Medicine, Traditional ; Neoplasms ; Radioisotopes ; Therapeutics ; prevention & control

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of joints with proliferation of synovial epithelial tissue. Therapeutic approach of the RA consists of pharmacological and surgical interventions. Synovectomy is indicated in patients with progressive inflammatory signs and symptoms intractable to medical treatment including local intracavitary steroid injection. Recently, local injection of radionuclides which emit high energy beta rays are labeled with chemical compounds such as 90Y, 165Dy-ferric hydroxide macroaggregate and have been introduced as an alternative therapeutic modality to surgical synovectomy. Holmium-166 is one of beta emitter and Ho-166-chitosan complex was developed for radiation synovectomy. Preclinical trial is on-going at our hospital using Ho-166-chitosan. The procedure and methods of preclinical trial are discussed.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Beta Particles ; Humans ; Joints ; Radioisotopes

Technisium ((99m)Tc) is one of the most widely used radioactive isotopes for diagnosis in nuclear medicine. In general, technisium is produced inside the so called (99m)Tc generator which is usually made out of lead to shield relatively high energy radiation from (99)Mo and its daughter nuclide (99m)Tc. In this paper, a GEANT4 simulation is carried out to test the safety of the (99m)Tc generator, taking the Daiichi product with radioactivity of 500 mCi as an example. According to the domestic regulation on radiation safety, the dose at 10 cm and 100 cm away from the surface of shielding container should not exceed 2.0 mSv/h and 0.02 mSv/h, respectively. The simulated dose turned out to be less than the limit, satisfying the domestic regulation.
Nuclear Family ; Nuclear Medicine ; Radioactivity ; Radioisotopes

The use of high- or low-dose radio-iodine therapy (RAIT) for initial thyroid remnant ablation in post-thyroidectomised patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with no distant metastases has long been a subject of much debate. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been previously made using both randomised control trials (RCTs) and observational studies without due regard to differences in study design. Hence, amore focused meta-analysis of available RCTs alone was conducted to determine the presence of a compelling difference between the initial remnant ablation success rates of high- and low-dose RAIT in post-thyroidectomised DTC patient without distant demtastases. An extensive search of PubMed and Cochrane Central register of RCTs (up to August 2013) was performed by two reviewers, which was completed by hand search of referencesfrom releveangt articles and review papers published from 1996 to 2012. The two reviewers independtly selected eligible studies, with disagreement resolved by consensus. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) randomised controlled trials, (b) post-thyroidectomised adult subjects diagnosed with well differentiated thyroid cancer and no evidence of distant metastases, and (c) subject randomisation into 30-50 mCi or 100 mCi 131I treatment groups. Studies were exluded if (a) the full text of the study is not available, (b) the study is in another language other than English, and (c) if the data on relative risk was not available or could not be derived from the study. Of eight published RCTs on radio-iodine therapy as of August 2013, only 5 were eligible for this meta-analysis; namely those by JOhansen et al. (1991), Bal et al. (1996), Zaman et al. (2006), Maenpaa et al. (2008) and Caglar et al. (2012). The same two reviewers independenty extracted data from the full text of the selected five studies. Two-by-two tables comparing frequencies of successful and failed remnant ablation using low-dose (30-60 mCi) and high-dise (100 mCi) RAIT were derived from the published results of the included studies, and the weighted and pooled relative risks for successful remnant ablation were computed via the Mantel-Haenszel method using a fixed effects model (cx = 5%). Subgroup analyses were performed based on different definitions of a successful remnant ablation. The pooled relative risk (-0.03) was statistically insignificant (p=0.54) and had poor precision (95% confidence interval of {-0.12,0.06}) even when adjustments to the varied definitions of a successful ablation were performed. Thus, using available RCTs that compare high- and low-dose RAIT for remnant ablation of DTC, there is an apparent trend favoring higher success rates using high-dose RAIT. However, the lack of well designed RCTs precludes recommending high-dose initial RAI ablation, and encourages the present practice of individualized.
Meta-Analysis ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Iodine Radioisotopes