PURPOSE: The authors used the instrument, OCT3, to evaluate the reproducibility and map the macular thickness rapidly in normal subjects METHODS: Macular thickness was measured in 120 eyes of 62 normal subjects, aged 18 to 79 years, with the macular OCT3 map. There was no history of ocular disease in any of the subjects, and routine ophthalmoscopic examination results were normal. RESULTS: The coefficient value for macular thickness was lower than 2%, indicating that OCT3 provides reliable measurements. Macular thickness of normal subjects was 193.4 +/- 14.6 micro meter in the central ring, 273.0 +/- 14.8 micro meter in the inner ring and 238.2 +/- 15.6 micro meter in the outer ring. The nasal and superior quadrants of the inner ring and the nasal quadrant of the outer ring had higher thickness measurements than another. A decrease of retinal thickness was observed in the old group. However, gender did not have a significant effect on the values. CONCLUSIONS: Macular thickness analysis with OCT3 provided a detailed map of the macular thickness. This indicates that the method may provide a sensitive detection of pathologic thickening or thinning of the retina and suggests that the macular thickness decreases with age.
Retina ; Retinaldehyde

The relationship between the amount of posterior displacement of the retinal surface at the temporal disc margin and the reference height(HRef)in analyzing optic disc using Heidelberg Retina Tomograph(HRT;Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany)was evaluated. The displacement was measured as mean height of contour(MHC)in the temporal 40degrees C segment(20degrees C superior and 20degrees C inferior to the horizontal midline)of optic disc. HRef is a value representing the location of the standard reference plane. The accordances of HRef and stereometric parameters between right and left disc were also evaluated. MHC in the temporal 40 degrees C and nasal 40 degrees C segment, HRef, and stereometric parameters of optic disc were measured with the HRT in 244 eyes of 122 subjects. HRef was 0.376+/-0.099 mm in the right disc and 0.385+/-0.090 mm in the left disc. There was good correlation between HRef and MHC in the temporal 40degrees C segment(r=0.97, p<0.01), but poor in the nasal 40 degrees C segment(r=0.29, p<0.01). The accordances of HRef and stereometric parameters increased as the difference of MHC in the temporal 40degrees C segment between right and left disc decreased. HRef was affected by the amount of posterior displacement of the retinal surface at the temporal disc margin, which occurs in instances such as a tilted disc. We should find the method to adjust stereometric parameters to the amount of disc tilt.
Retina* ; Retinaldehyde*

No abstract available.
Retina* ; Uveitis*

No abstract available.
Retina* ; Uveitis*

The term, "macular pucker" first is described the star-shaped folds and wrinkles which sometimes appear on or near the macula after surgery for retinal detachment by Maumenee. These puckers, which has been described by Jungshaffer (1966) and Tanenbaum, Schepens, Elzeneiny, and Freeman (1970), are one of the most frequent causes of visual deterioration after successful reatachment of retina, but may also appear spontaneously in eyes which has not undergone surgery. A case of macular Pucker after a successful reatachment of the retina is presented in this report.
Retina ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinaldehyde*

PURPOSE: This study introduces a reading chart application for the iPad tablet in the Korean language and investigates the reading speed in a normal-sighted population according to age group. METHODS: Sixty-three Korean sentences were selected from textbooks for second grade elementary school students. A commonly used typeface in everyday printed material, “BatangChe,” was used. Letter size was presented in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.0 to 1.0 at 0.1 logMAR steps at a reading distance of 40 cm. A third generation retina display iPad was used to present the chart, and the sentences were presented randomly for each size of letter. The subjects repeated the test silently (reading only) and out loud (reading and speaking) to prevent them from skipping reading words. Pilot testing followed in 65 normal vision adults under 60 years of age. RESULTS: The mean reading only speed for logMAR 0.5 optotype (point 10) was 121.1 ± 47.2 words per minute (wpm) for people in their 20s (n=21), 116.5 ± 38.3 in their 30s (n=27), 93.8 ± 12.6 in their 40s (n=9), and 56.5 ± 42.7 (n=8) in their 50s. There was a significant correlation between age and reading and speaking speed (r=−0.48, p<0.001). The mean reading only speed for logMAR 0.5 optotype (point 10) was 202.3 ± 88.4 wpm and the mean reading and speaking speed was 129.7 ± 25.9 wpm, with significantly different (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This Korean reading chart application could present a new standard when checking reading speed according to age groups.
Adult ; Humans ; Retina

Confocal scanning laser flowmetry(HRF: Heidelberg Retina Flowmetry) is a new kind of instrument which enables non-invasive two-dimentional mapping of perfusion of the retina and optic disc and to evaluate the clinically available reproducibility of the peripapillary and retinal perfusion measurement with the confocal scanning laser flowmetry, the authors calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) from the parameters(volume, flow, velocity). The authors indicate two region of interest in the peripapillary region and retina, not overlapping the large vessels and measure the parameters three times consecutively(one session) while visiting three times intervalled(three session), thereafter calculate the mean CV of parameters in ten healthy eyes of ten subject. The CV of parameters obtained with the confocal scanning laser flowmetry was low relatively and therefore reproducibility was high as the CV lower, the reproducibility higher. Comparing the CV between one session and three session measurement to know the clinically available measurement frequency, the CV of three session (volume 13%, flow 16.7%, velocity 16%) was lower than the CV of one session (volume 16.7%, flow 20.7%, velocity 20.1%) in the peripapillary region(Students t test; volume p=0.009, flow p=0.03, velocity p=0.016) and the CV of three session (volume 16.7%, flow 20.7%, velocity 17%) was lower than the CV of one session (volume 18.2%, flow 21.8%, velocity 21.7%) in the retina(Students t test; volume p=0.017, flow p=0.0009, velocity p=0.0004). Above the results, the CV of parameters(13~21.8%) in one and three session had relatively high reproducibility. Also the CV between two measurements had a difference statistically but the difference was not so high, the authors concluded the confocal scanning laser flowmetry which have high resolution measure the peripapillary region and retina reproduciblly with only one time visit, three consecutive measurements.
Perfusion* ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde* ; Rheology*

Although it is well known that ultraviolet and short wavelength visible rays are harmful to the human lens and the retina, consumers still tend to select sunglasses on the basis of fashion rather than protective quality. In order to provide guidelines for selecting appropriate sunglasses, we studied the mechanism of phototoxic damage and UV protective quality of commonly used sunglasses. Commonly used sunglasses were chosen by random sampling, and their UV transmittance was examined by spectrophotometer using neutral density filter method. UV transmittance was shown to be 3.0% to 40.8% and there was no significant relationship between UV transmittance and the tint or darkness of the sunglasses.
Darkness ; Humans ; Retina

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of amblyopia on multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). METHODS: The mfERG procedure was performed on nineteen monocular amblyopic patients (age ranged from 7 to 42 years) using the VERIS(TM) (EDI, San Mateo, CA) system. The central 30 degrees of ocular fundus were stimulated by an array of 103 hexagonal elements for four minutes. The responses of six concentric rings (rings 1 to 6) radiating from the foveal center were averaged, and the latencies and amplitudes of N1, P1 and N2 were compared with the findings of the normal contralateral eyes. The mfERG procedure was recorded again after improvement of vision in one patient (No. 4) who underwent occlusion treatment for one month. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of N1, P1 and N2 latencies between normal contralateral and amblyopic eyes (P>0.05). However, P1 amplitudes of the amblyopic eyes were reduced significantly compared with those of the normal contralateral eyes on rings 1 and 2 (P<0.05). N1 and N2 amplitudes of the amblyopic eyes were also reduced, but not significantly. After the successful occlusion treatment of patient No. 4, the responses of the amblyopic eye were improved but not the level of the contralateral normal eye. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that amblyopia may cause some changes in mfERG responses, especially in terms of amplitudes of the central retina. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these results are due to the physiologic change(s) of the amblyopia itself or to fixation instability during the test.
Amblyopia ; Humans ; Retina

ERG was checked by an instrument set up by authors in eyes with vitreous opacity with and without retinal disorders. It is composed of a preamplifier(frequency response of 0.3Hz~240Hz, gain of 80 decibel), Tektronix 5103N oscilloscope(with 5A18N dual trace amplifier and 5B12N dual time base). Retina was stimulated by Grass P22 photostimulator at settings of 1, 4, 8, and 16 light in tensities. Following findings were obtained; 1. Voltage of a-wave was much increased with little change of b-wave, when intensities of photostimulation was increased. 2. Definite ERG waves were recorded with high intensities of light stimulation, when low intensities failed to produce them. 3. Even in high intensities of light stimulation, oscillatory potentials were not recorded. 4. In case of diffuse retinal damage and vitreous opacities, peak time of a and b wave were markedly delayed as well as decrease of voltages.
Electroretinography* ; Poaceae ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde