Cornea is an important part of the refractive media.Healthy cornea is clear and avascular.Corneal avascularity is necessary for the preservation of optimal vision and is maintained by a balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors.In a variety of pathologic conditions,the balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors may be tipped towards angiogenic molecules,leading to corneal neovascularization (CNV).Recent research showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important factor responsible for CNV.Over the past several years,the safety and efficacy of several new agents targeting VEGF or VEGF receptor (VEGFR) have been verifies in many ocular neovascularization diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, neovascular glaucoma,retinopathy of prematurity and CNV.These agents not only have revolutionized the therapy of ocular neovascularized disease but also have great potential for other blinding conditions such as CNV.These agents have great potential for the treatment of CNV.This article reviewed the most promising anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapies.

Under certain conditions,stress can bring physiological,behavioral or psychological response,thus affect human health and cause diseases.Available intervention methods must be adopted to eliminate or relieve internal environment disorder from severe stress.Studies of stress intervention are of great importance to maintain and promote physical and psychological health.According to the different characteristics,stress intervention methods can be divided into psychological and behavioral.This review presented the advance of stress intervention methods.

On the anatomy, posterior vitreous cortexneighbors with retina, the relationship of vitreous and retinal is both independent and closely linked. Under pathological condition, changes in the vitreous provides a good environment for occurrence and development of a number of vitreoretinal diseases, which indicates that vitreous plays a crucial role in many vitreoretinal diseases occurrence and growth. Elimination of vitreous change in disease, is an issue of great concern of the ophthalmic industry in recent years. Based on the description of vitreous and vitreoretinal interface structure, changes in the vitreous and retinal adhesion mechanisms and interfaces retinal disease risk factors and the impact on the retinal disease were discussed, And the posterior vitreous detachment impact on the vitreoretinal interface disease, the testing methods and its importance were described in this article.

Objective To evaluate the effect of age on pharmacodynamics of eisatracurium target-controlled infusion(TCI). Methods Forty patients under N_2O-O_2-propofol-fentanyl anesthesia were divided into groups of Ⅰ and Ⅱ with 20 cases each. Under TOF stimulation monitoring, eisatracurium 0. 15 mg/kg was injected and tracheal intubation was performed when TOFr being zero. and the intubation conditions were evaluated. When T1 restored to 50% cisatracurium TCI started to keep TOFr less than 10%. The recovery times of neuromuscular blockade were recorded after stopping infusion. The amount of cisatracurium consumption was calculated. Results Intubation conditions the onset time and recovery index were not significantly different between two groups. The nonresponse period, duration of action, and recovery time were longer in group Ⅰ than those in group B. Cisatracurium consumption was more in group Ⅰ than that in group Ⅱ (P<0.05). Conclusion By TCI,cisatracurium dosage needed for keeping TOFr less than 10% is less,but the recovery process is still longer in the elderly than those in the younger.

ObjectiveTo study the protective effects of fluvastatin on the renal lesions in diabetic rat. MethodsThe model of diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin. SD rats were random divided into four groups: Control group, diabetic rats group, low-dose fluvastatin group 2mg/(kg·d) and high-dose fluvastatin group 4 mg/(kg·d). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine and urinary protein were measured respectively. The expression of TGF β1 in the renal cortex was determined by RT-PCR. ResultsFluvastatin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 Mrna in a dose-dependent manner, and had no influence on urinary protein, serum cholesterol and serum creatinine. ConclusionsFluvastatin inhibits the overexpression of TGF-β1Mrna, which may be related to independent cholesterol decreasing effect.

BACKGROUND: The method of replenishing kidney has becoming one of the therapies for anti-senility in gerontology in Chinese medicine.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the effects of the formula for nourishing kidney yin-zuoguiyin on serum malondialdehyde (MAD) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in metabolism of free radical.DESIGN: Complete randomized control experiment.SETTINGS: Microbiology and Immunology Department of Guangdong Medical College.PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was performed in Immunology Research Room of Wannan Medical College from September 2002 to July 2004. Forty male senile ICR mice were employed, provided by Institute of Experimental Animal of Medical Scientific Academy in Sichuan. They were randomized into senile control, zuoguiyin group, single shudi (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) group (single group) and shudi (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) removal group (removal group), 10 mice in each one. Zuoguiyin composes of shudi (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata), shamyao (Rhizoma Dioscoreae), gouqi (Fructus Lycii), zhi gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparata),fuling (Poria) and shangyurou (Fructus Corni) at the ratio of 9:6:6:3:4:5. After decocted routinely, the solution in zuoguiyin group was concentrated to 0.577 5 g/mL of raw herbs contained; that in single group was to 0.157 5 g/mL and that in removal group was to 0.42 g/mL. The mixed medical solutions of 100 g/L were prepared successively in each group.INTERVENTIONS: In zuoguiyin group, single group and removal group,solutions of zuoguiyin and shudi (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) and solution with shudi (Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata) removed were administrated successively, 4 times/day, 1.5 mL/time, totally for 75 days. No any drink was provided during the medication. The mice in senile control drank pipe water. After the eyeball extracted, blood of 2 mL collected and serum preserved, the thiobarbituric acid method was used to determine MAD content, the xanthine oxidase method was to determine SOD activity and the colorimetric method was to determine general capacity of anti-oxidation in serum.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① serum MAD content; ② serum SOD activity; ③ general capacity of anti-oxidation in serum.RESULTS: One mouse was dead in senile control and 3 mice in single group. Terminally, 36 mice entered result analysis. ① MAD content:Serum MAD content in zuoguiyin group and single group were lower than that in senile control [(5.280±1.204) μmol/L and (5.886 2.717) μmol/L,(9.533 3.494) μmol/L, (q=3.641-4.657, P ＜ 0.05)]. Serum MAD content in zuoguiyin group and single group were basically same. ② SOD activity: SOD activity in zuoguiyin group and removal group were higher than senile group [(7.008±0.782) mkat/L and (6.989±0.809) mkat/L, (5.908±0.392) mkat/L,(q=3.641-4.657, P ＜0.05)]. SOD activity in zuoguiyin group and removal group were basically same and that in single group and senile control were basically same. ③ General anti-oxidation capacity: The general capacity of anti-oxidation in serum in zuoguiyin group and single group were stronger than that in senile control, that in removal group was weaker than senile control, but the differences were not significant (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Zuoguiyin remarkably reduces MAD content and improves SOD activity in serum of senile mice. It is indicated that zuoguiyin acts remarkably on improving metabolism of free radical in senile body,strengthening SOD activity and reducing organic injuries caused by MAD accumulation.

Mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR) is a kind of Ser/Thr kinase existing in mammalian cells can regulate cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis.mTOR including two different complex forms as mTORC1 and mTORC2 .Rapamycin and rapalogs were soon found to have powerful immunosuppressant prop-erties and thus be valuable for preventing the progress of the artery atheromatous by inhibiting the function of mTORC1.But long-term rapalogs administration may increase the side actions such as mTORC1 resistance, mTORC2 inhibition, dyslipidemia.The clinical application of drug combination and dosage optimization may reduce adverse events.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) , a process by which differentiated epithelial cells under-go a phenotypic conversion that gives rise to the matrix-producing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, is increasingly recognized as an integral part of tissue fibrogenesis after injury.However, the degree to which renal tubular epithelial EMT contributes to kidney fibrosis remains a matter of intense debate and is likely to be context-dependent.Renal tubular EMT is an adap-tive response of epithelial cells to a hostile or changing microenvironment and is regulated by many factors.Several intrace-llular signal transduction pathways such as transforming growth factor-β( TGF-β)/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are essential in controlling the process of renal tubular epithelial EMT which are potential targets of antifibrotic therapy present-ly.This review highlights the current understanding of renal tubular epithelial EMT and its underlying mechanisms to stimu-late further discussion on its role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis.

The Kashin-Beck disease is a kind of unknown cause disabling arthropathy.In recent years,many experts and scholars have done in-depth studies in Kashin-Beck disease.There is a series of research achievements having been made.In this paper we reviewed the latest progress in the condition,etiology and pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease.

Objective To understand the difference of Demodex prevalence among medical students living and studying together with different classes, sexes and nationalities. \ Methods\ Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis were detected by using cellophane tape on the nasolabial grooves. \ Results\ The overall prevalence was 51\^5% in 2 248 medical students. Prevalence in different classes and sexes was: freshman 42\^6%, sophomore 49\^6% and third year students 66\^8%; 55\^7% in males and 48\^7% in females. Prevalence in students with different nationalities was: Mongolian 49\^8%, Han 52\^8% and other minorities 64\^3%. \ Conclusion\ The Demodex prevalence in students of senior classes was higher than those from junior ones (P