OBJECTIVE: To study the equilibrium solubility of aesculin and its apparent oil/water partition coefficient,and to provide basis for absorption mechanism study.METHODS: Equilibrium solubility of aesculin at the pH of 1.2～8.0 was determined by saturation method.The apparent oil/water partition coefficients of aesculin were determined by shaking flask method.RESULTS: The equilibrium solubility of aesculin at the pH of 1.2～6.8 was fluctuated slightly;it increased rapidly at the pH of 7.4;the maximum equilibrium solubility of aesculin was obtained at the pH of 8.0(10.58 g?L-1).The oil/water partition coefficient of aesculin changed slowly at the pH of 1.2～6.0;it decreased significantly at the pH of 6.0;the minimum oil/water partition coefficient was obtained at the pH of 8.0(0.03).CONCLUSIONS: The equilibrium solubility of aesculin and its apparent oil/water partition coefficient are associated with the pH of medium.The reason that aesculin has no effect on uric acid after oral administration is relevant to poor gastrointestinal tract absorption ability.

Objective Based on the radiographs to analyze the generic and the developing factors of hallux valgus.Methods Two hundred and forty-one cases were divided into two groups according to the symptoms suffered,which were normal group and hallux valgus group.All cases were female,aged 10 to 90 years old.The three parameters-the first intermetatarsal angle,sesamoid inclination angle and hallux valgus angle,were taken full weightbearing radiographs,analyzed by non-paired t test and Pearson correlation analysis according to age.Results In normal group,the first intermetatarsal angle was correlated with age ( correlation coefficient r =0.125,P =0.003 ).Sesamoid inclination angles in both groups were correlated with age( normal group r =0.384,P ＜0.001 ;hallux valgus group r =0.359,P =0.0002 ).However,hallux valgus angle had no correlation with age ( normal group r =0.066,hallux valgus group r=0.080).All 3 parameters in hallux valgus group were statistically larger than normal group.Conclusion Aging is a possible reason to cause the 1 st metatarsophlangeal joint deformity,but larger parameters were found in valgus group,suggesting the major cause of hallux valgus is congenital factor rather than aging.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Arsenicals ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Diterpenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Epoxy Compounds ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Oxides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Phenanthrenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Quercetin ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Objective: To evaluate the effect of subconjunctival injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin) on corneal neovascularization(CNV) in rabbits. Methods: Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (group A, 3 rabbits), neovascularization group (group B, 9 rabbits) and Bevacizumab treatment group (group C, 36 rabbits). Group C was further divided into group C1 (1 day small dose group), C2 (1 day high dose group), C3 (14 days small dose group) and C4 (14 days high dose group), with 9 rabbits each group. CNV model was made by suture in group B and C. Animals in group C were injected subconjunctivally with 0.1 ml or 0.2 ml Bevacizumab (25 mg/ml) in the left eyes. The growth of CNV was observed every day after operation and the neovascularization areas calculated. Expression of VEGF in the cornea was detected by immunohistochemistry on day 7, 14 and 28 after suture. VEGF content in the aqueous humor was determined by ELISA assay. Results: CNV growth in group C1 and C2 was inhibited significantly compared with that in group B on day 7, 14 and 28 (P<0.01). On day 28 the growth in group C3 and C4 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group B (P<0.01), that in group C1 was significantly inhibited than that in group C3, and that in group C2 was significantly inhibited compared with that in group C4 (P<0.01). VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in group B increased as time passed by, and they were positively associated with CNV area (P<0.01). On day 7, 14, and 28, the VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueous humor in C1 and C2 groups were significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.01). On day 28, those in group C3 and C4 were significantly lower than those in group B (P<0.01); those in group C1 were significantly lower than those in group C3 (P<0.01); and those in group C2 were significantly lower than those in group C4 (P<0.01). The CNV area and VEGF levels in the cornea and aqueou humor were similar between C1 and C2 groups and between C3 and C4 groups. Conclusion: Subconjunctival administration of Bevacizumab can effectively inhibit corneal neovascularization in experimental CNV model, and early administration has a better outcome than late administration. Bevacizumab may exert its effect by down-regulating VEGF in cornea and aqueous humor.

Objective: To observe the changes in the anatomy of anterior segment before and after phacoemulsification for treatment of angle-closure glaucoma by Pentacam system, so as to assess the efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with artificial lens implantation(ALI) in treatment of early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma. Methods: Forty-two patients with early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma(44 eyes) were included in the present study. The central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and peripheral anterior chamber angle were examined by Pentacam system pre-operatively and 1 day, 1 week and 3 months post operatively. Meanwhile, A ultrasound was used to examine the anterior chamber depth before and 3 months after operation, and the results were compared with those by Pentacam system. Results: Pentacam system could clearly demonstrate the 3-dimensional structures of the anterior eye segment before and after operation. The central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and anterior chamber angle were increased significantly after operation(P<0.01); the intraocular pressure was significantly decreased(P<0.01); and the visual acuity was improved(P<0.01). The values of central anterior chamber depth and the dispersion coefficient obtained by Pentacam were smaller than those by A ultrasound. Conclusion: Pentacam system can directly demonstrate the increase of anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and anterior chamber angle after phacoemulsification combined with ALI in treatment of early- and middle-stage angle-closure glaucoma. It is a safe method for early examination after operation.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare microspheres for nasal delivery by emulsification solvent evaporation technique using water-soluble carboxylation chitosan as the drug carrier, thus to avoid using stimulatory and toxic aldehydes crosslinkers and acid solvent which are used by the traditional method. METHODS: Zolmitriptan (ZT) was used as the model drug to prepare the carboxylation chitosan microspheres. The prescription and technology were optimized to prepare the microspheres. The yield, particle sizes, appearance, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and drug release of the microspheres were evaluated. RESULTS: The microspheres prepared by the optimized method were spherical, smooth, and free flowing. The particle sizes of the microspheres were well-distributed and the mean particle size was (21.4±10.1)μm. The drug loading was 5.67% and the encapsulation efficiency was 62.4%. The in vitro release study of the microspheres showed that the drug was sustainedly released and could be released for about 85% in 8 h. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to prepare carboxylation chitosan microspheres for nasal administration by emulsification solvent evaporation method, avoiding the use of aldehydes crosslinkers and acid solvent.

Objective Imaging and clinical manifestations of melioidosis were analyzed in order to improve our understanding of the disease and to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis.Methods From 2001 to 2006,12 melioidosis cases were confirmed by blood,pus and sputum culture.All cases were examined with radiography,and nine of them with CT and 2 with US.The imaging and clinical data were assessed retrospectively.Results Ten of 12 cases revealed lung abnormalities,the main organ involved by melioidosis in the body.The appearances were observed as follows:diffused sheets and sheets fused partly in bilateral fields of the lungs can be seen on chest radiograph;homogeneous dense shadow of the lobe or segment were observed on plain chest film and CT;blurred strips radiated from hilum were revealed on plain chest film;multitude nodules in 2 lungs showed on CT;cavity with air and liquid be seen on plain chest film and CT;patches and granules in superior and middle fields or(and)inferior fields be seen on plain chest film and CT;arc shadow of water attenuation in dorsal thorax showed on CT.Infections outside the lung can be observed in orbital,lumbar muscle,liver and spleen in 1 case,and thighbone osteomyelitis with multi abscesses in one case.Conclusion Alhough medioidosis has no characteristic imaging appearances,the disease's location,extent,severity and quantity objectively can be demonstrated by imaging,final confirmation is necessary using the culture of blood,pus and sputum.

Objective To analyze the use of antibiotics in perioperative period of cesarean section,and to summarize the experience of scientific intervention to promote rational drug use.Method 192 cesarean section included in the study were inpatients in December 2015 to December 2016 in our hospital,were grouped according to the order of admission,divided into control group(95 cases)and observation group(97 cases),were given routine perioperative antibiotic treatment.The observation group was treated with scientific medication intervention,and the control group was not intervened.The two groups of white blood cell count,postoperative body temperature and hospitalization time were counted,the infection types and infection rate were counted,and the treatment costs of the two groups were counted.Results The white blood cell count of the observation group was significantly higher than the control group,postoperative body temperature recovery time and hospitalization time was significantly shorter than the control group,the difference was significant(P<0.05); after two groups appeared infection phenomenon,including urinary tract infection,incision infection and puerperal infection as well as intrauterine infection,and two groups in different types of infection and the infection rate by comparison there was no statistically significant difference; statistical analysis and comparison of treatment related costs of the two groups of patients,to observe antibacterial drug group,the total cost of expenses and hospitalization costs were significantly lower than that of the control group,and patients with antimicrobial drugs accounted for the total proportion of drugs were significantly lower than the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Cesarean section perioperative use of antibiotics in the process,through the implementation of scientific intervention can obtain ideal effect,promote rational and normative clinical medication,reduce hospitalization expenses and antimicrobial drug costs,promote the recovery of patients after surgery,and does not increase the infection after operation.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of Astragalus granules on the expression of Caveolin-3(Cav-3)and Smad family member 3 (Smad3) in the myocardial cells of rats with viral myocarditis. METHODS:90 rats were randomly divided into a nor-mal group,a model group,a Shenmai injection group [positive drug,0.2 g/(kg·d)] and the groups of low,medium and high-dose Astragalus granules [0.42,0.84,1.68 g/(kg·d)],with 15 rats in each group. The rats in all groups except for the normal group were given CVB3 ip for the establishment of viral myocarditis model. Meanwhile,the rats in the drug administration groups were given corresponding drugs ig,while those in the normal group and the model group were given normal saline ig,for 15 consecu-tive days. 5 rats were selected from each group respectively on the 3rd,9th and 15th days of drug use to take an experiment. For the rats,the pathological change of the cardiac muscle tissue was observed and scored,and the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells were detected. RESULTS:After 15 days of drug use,compared to the normal group,the rats of the model group had hyperplasia of a large number of cardiac muscle fibers,obvious lesions at cardiac muscle fibers, and significantly higher pathological score and levels of the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells (P<0.05). Compared to the model group,the rats in the drug administration groups had cardiac muscle tissue lesions improved and had obviously lower pathological score and levels of the mRNA and protein expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Astragalus granules can markedly downregulate the gene expression of Cav-3 and Smad3 in the myocardial cells of rats with viral myocarditis,which is inferred as a prevention and treatment mechanism of viral myocarditis.

? AlM: To analyze the incidence, characteristics and related risk factors of high intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy ( PPV) .
?METHODS: Totally, 146 patients (146 eyes) undergone PPV in our hospital were selected. Age, gender, eye, course and operation time of patients were compared, in order to understand the incidence rate and characteristics of high intraocular pressure. Primary diseases, intraoperative treatment methods and intraocular tamponade type were compare, in order to analyze the related risk factors of high intraocular pressure.
? RESULTS: Forty - seven patients occurred high intraocular pressure after operation, the incidence rate was 32. 2%. There was no significant difference in age, gender, eye, course and operation time (P>0. 05). The incidence rate in diabetic patients with simple vitreous hemorrhage and with tractional retinal detachment were 21.1% and 57.6%, respectively (P<0.05). The incidence rate in retinal detachment with PVR below grade C2 and above C2 were 19. 0% and 43. 8%, respectively (P<0. 05). The incidence rate in ocular trauma with vitreous hemorrhage and with intraocular foreign bodies were 25. 0% and 70. 0%, respectively (P<0. 05). The incidence rate of patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation was 50. 8%, significantly higher than patients without treated with panretinal photocoagulation (P<0. 05). The incidence rate of patients treated with part panretinal photocoagulation was 29. 5%, higher than patients without treated with panretinal photocoagulation, but there was no statistical difference ( P > 0. 05 ). The incidence rate of using silicone oil, C3 F8 and simple ventilation were 59. 7%, 34. 5% and 14. 5%, respectively (P<0. 05).
? CONCLUSlON: After vitrectomy intraocular hypertension incidence and preoperative, intraoperative treatment of primary disease is closely related to factors such as the way and intraocular tamponade.