Objective To observe the morphologic alterations of retina pigment epithelial around fluorescein leakage site using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) before and after laser coagulation.Methods Twenty-four eyes of 24 consecutive patients with unilateral acute CSC who underwent laser photocoagulation (wave length:561 nm,energy:80-100 mW,spot diamteter:100 μm,exposure time:0.1 s) were enrolled in this retrospective study.The patients included 22 males and 2 females,with an average age of (39.2± 7.2) years and an average duration of (1.1 ± 0.6) months.The fluorescein leakage outside the foveal avascular zone and serous retinal detachment were found in all the eyes by fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and SD-OCT.Twenty-six leakage sites were observed in 24 eyes on FFA.There were 5 smoky leakage points (19.2％),21 inky leakage points (80.8 ％).The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer at leakage points were scanned by SD-OCT before and at 2 weeks,2 months after treatment.SD-OCT showed that the RPE abnormalities were detected at all of the fluorescein leakage points,including serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in 16 leakage points (64.5％),protruding RPE in 5 leakage points (19.5％),and irregular RPE in 5 leakage points (19.2％).The morphologic alterations of RPE around fluorescein leakage point before and after laser coagulation were observed.Results At 2 weeks after laser photocoagulation,PED existed in 7 leakage points (26.9％),protruding RPE in 3 leakage points (11.5％),and irregular RPE in 16 leakage points (61.5％).At 2 months after laser photocoagulation,protruding RPE existed in 3 leakage points (11.5％),and irregular RPE in 5 leakage points (19.2％),including RPE defect in 2 leakage points.And there were undetectable RPE abnormalities in other 16 leakage points (61.5％).Conclusions In acute CSC,SD-OCT shows that morphologic features of the RPE layer are changed,including PED,protruding RPE,irregular RPE around the leakage point.After laser photocoagulation the abnormalities of RPE can also be altered from PED to irregular RPE,and RPE defect is observed in restricted regions.

Objective To investigate the effects of preconditioning with different doses of levothyroxine sodium on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in immature rats. Methods Forty-eight female immature Wistar rats, aged 35 days, weighing 120-140 g, were randomly allocated into 6 groups ( n = 8 each): control group (group C), I/R group, and preconditioning with levothyroxine sodium 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/100 g groups (groups LS1-4 ) . The rats received levothyroxine sodium 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/100 g through a gastric tube every day for 7 days in groups LS1-4 , respectively. Venous blood samples were taken on 8th day for determination of serum thyroid hormone levels. The hearts were removed from the animals and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution saturated with 95% O2-5% CO2 at 37 ℃. The hearts were continuously perfused for 80 min in group C. After 30 min of equilibration, the isolated hearts were subjected to 20 min of ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion in I/R and LS1-4 groups. HR, SP and ± dp/dtmax were recorded at 20 min of perfusion and 30 min of reperfusion. The recovery rates of HR, SP and ± dp/dtmax were calculated at 30 min of reperfusion. The coronary effluent was collected at 10 min of perfusion and 15 min of reperfusion for determination of creatine kinase (CKMB) activity. The samples of ventricular myocardial tissues were taken at 30 min of reperfusion to detect the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), thyroid hormone receptor (TR) mRNA (TRa, , TRoj and TRft ) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA. Results Compared with group C, the recovery rates of HR, SP and. ± dp/dtmax were significantly decreased, the CK-MB activity was significantly increased, and MHCα mRNA expression was down-regulated in group I/R, the recovery rates of SP and ± dp/dtmax were significantly decreased, the CK-MB activity was significantly increased, and the expression of HSP70 and MHCα mRNA was up-regulated in groups LS1-4, and the serum thyroid hormone level was significantly increased and the expression of TRa, mRNA was up-regulated in groups LS2-4 ( P ＜ 0.05) . Compared with group I/R, the recovery rates of HR and ± dp/dtmax were significantly increased, the pression of HSP70 and MHCa mRNA was up-regulated, and the MHCJ3 mRNA expression was down-regulated in groups LS1-4 the CK-MB activity was significantly decreased in groups LS1-3, and the serum thyroid hormone level was significantly increased and the expression of TRα1, mRNA was up-regulated in groups LS2-4 ( P ＜ 0.05) . The serum thyroid hormone level increased gradually with the increase in the dose of levothyroxine sodium in groups LS1-4 ( P ＜ 0.05) . The CK-MB activity was significantly higher, while the HSP70 expression lower in groups LS3-4 than in groups LS1-2 (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Preconditioning with levothyroxine sodium 10 μg/100 g can alleviate the myocardial I/R injury in immature rats and does not lead to the increase in the level of thyroid hormone, and the up-regulation of HSP70 and MHCa mRNA expression may be involved in the mechanism.

In recent years, the incidence of dry eye disease has been increasing year by year due to environmental changes and some people's overuse of eyes.As the main type of dry eye disease, hyperevaporative dry eye disease is mostly caused by meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) resulted from abnormal quality or quantity of lipid layer.Due to differences in diagnosis and classification, there is no unified standard for the treatment of this disease at present.The clinician's judgment of the diagnosis and treatment effect and follow-up management are limited.With the availability of big data, improvements in computer graphics processing and mathematical models, artificial intelligence (AI) is widely used in the medical field.AI systems can utilize technologies such as machine learning and deep learning to exert advanced problem-solving capabilities, making diagnosis more objective and improving diagnosis and treatment efficiency.The application of AI in ophthalmology is mainly based on the auxiliary diagnosis of eye images and the screening of eye diseases, which reduces the dependence of the medical system on manual labor, makes the screening and diagnosis of eye diseases faster, more convenient and more consistent, alleviates the medical burden, and thus significantly improves the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of medical services.At present, the application of AI in cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and other fields is becoming more and more mature, and the research in the field of MGD-related dry eye has also made certain progress.This article reviewed the application status and progress of AI in MGD-related dry eye.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the most common retinal complications of diabetes could cause irreversible loss of central vision in the working-age population. Current studies showed that systemic risk factors, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress played a central role in the development of DR. Although traditional sequencing methods have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of DR, offering crucial guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment, they still possess certain limitations. In recent years, the emerging single-cell RNA sequencing technology(scRNA-seq)has enabled precise analysis of mRNA transcriptomes at the single-cell level. This technique accurately identifies novel cell subtypes in retinal diseases, detects rare cells, and reveals intercellular heterogeneity. It contributes to elucidating the pathogenesis and development of retinal diseases, and facilitates exploration of gene regulatory relationships associated with these disorders to provide valuable insights for future precision medicine. This article reviews the technology of single-cell sequencing and its application in DR research. It also explores the mechanisms of different types of cells associated with DR, aiming to enhance the utilization of scRNA-seq in DR research and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment of DR.

Congenital entropion, an abnormal condition in which the eyelids roll inward, with the eyelashes losing their normal angulation and tilting toward the eye, especially in the lower eyelids and inner canthus, often occurs in infants and young children. Congenital entropion may lead to corneal epithelial abrasion, inflammation and ulcer, which may affect the function of the eye if not treated in time. Early surgical intervention is helpful to the health of children's eyes. The purpose of surgery is to change the structure of eyelid and weaken the force of entropion, thus improving the symptoms and corneal astigmatism. At present, there are many surgical treatments for congenital entropion. In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages and indications of these treatments are analyzed and summarized, providing a reference for clinical practice.