Regulatory T cells (Treg),a group of negative regulatory cells,have four subsets:CD4+Treg,CD8 + Treg,NKT Treg and DN Treg cells.They play an essential role in the inhibitive immune-regulation and might be the key factors of neoplasms immune escape.These mechanisms include inhibiting the effector cell function by inhibitory cytokines,killing effector cells by granzyme and perforin,competition and inhibiting IL-2,and affecting Treg differentiation and proliferation by regulating the function of CTLA-4,etc.Tumor immunotherapies targeting Treg and related immunosuppressive factors,such as remove Treg or controling the numbers and functions,enhances the immune response against tumors,which might offer a new method of tumor immunotherapy.

0.4).ConclusionsThese data denote that biological behaviors and malignant features of multifocal tumors are very similar to those of primary ones.In addition,considering the significant relationship of multicentricity with vascular invasion and incompleteness of pseudocapsule of RCC,it is suggested that the secondary tumors might be more likely the result of intrarenal metastasis of the primary tumor rather than the results of multifocal genesis.

Glucose metabolism of cancer cells presents Warburg effect.In resent years,more and more experiments demonstrate that the therapeutics based on aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells restrict energy and inhibit tumor proliferation through the inhibition of a variety of moleculars,genes and signal pathways.These can provide an opportunity for targeted cancer therapies and possess enormous potential advantages and broad prospects in clinical application.

Anti-neovascularization is an important research direction in the current treatment of gastric cancer.The inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are main research focus.At present,the inhibitors of the pathways of VEGF and VEGFR in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer include bevacizumab,ramucirumab,apatinib,regorafenib,sorafenib,et al.These drugs provide more possibilities for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.

Purpose: Detect cytokeratin 19 mRNA(CK-19 mRNA) in nucleated cells in peripheral blood from breast cancer. To establish a diagnostic method for breast cancer metastasis in peripheral blood. Methods: Peripheral blood samples in breast cancer patients (test group, n = 66) and benign tumour in breast patients ( control group, n = 37) were taken. Then, the nucleated cells were separated and total RNA extracted, and CK-19 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Results: Samples were diagnosed CK-19 mRNA positive when 460 bp band appeared in RT-PCR end-product. The positive rate of CK-19 mRNA is 36. 36 % (24/66) in test group . None of the benign tumour breast patients expressed CK-19 mRNA. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P

Objective To assess the necessary excision of normal parenchyma tissue in nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Methods 102 specimens from radical nephrectomy for RCC were step sectioned at 3 mm intervals and examined.The tumor and field 20 mm beyond pseudocapsule were continuously sectioned and examined for completeness of pseudocapsule,the presence of micro multifocal carcinoma and for vascular and parenchyma invasion beyond pseudocapsule. Results 49 (48.0%) of the 102 specimens were void of intact pseudocapsule.The presence of extra pseudocapsule cancerous lesions was within 0～8 mm [(1.2?1.9) mm] beyone the capsule,with 30.4% of them within the field of 1～8 mm.with the statistic method of one side analysis of frequency,the percentile value of P97.5 and P100.0 was 7.4 and 8.0 mm respectively. Conclusions These data denote that when nephron sparing surgery is done for renal cell carcinoma,at least 10 mm of normal parenchyma tissue beyond the pseudocapsule should be excised with the tumor.The nucleation techniquc should not be encouraged.

Objective To assess the effect of aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas by meta analysis of the published literature.Methods Cochrane strategy in combination with manual search was used to identify previously published randomized controlled trials by searching PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane Library,China Journal Full-text Database(CNKI),Chinese Scientific Journal Full-text Database (CSJD) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM).Results Six randomized controlled trials involving a total of 2 858 patients were studied.Of the six trials,two trials were performed in China,four trials were in the Europe and the United States.Some sufficient evidence were found to support that aspirin could prevent of colorectal adenomas compared with placebo group ( P =0.003,RR =0.66,95％ CI:0.50-0.86).No adaquate evidence supported the role of aspirin in the prevention of development of colorectal cancer ( P =0.29,RR =0.65,95％ CI:0.30-1.44).High-dose aspirin ( P =0.10,RR =0.85,95％ CI:0.71-1.30 ) and low-dose aspirin could prevent colorectal adenomas compared with placebo group( P =0.02,RR =0.57,95％ CI:0.36-0.90),and a dose-dependent associtation was found.The risk of stroke was higher in any dose of aspirin compared with placebo group ( P =0.04),and the risks of adverse events had no significant differences in all groups.Conclusion Aspirin might prevent the development of colorectal adenomas in individuals,but could not prevent the colorectal cancer.

Gastric cancer is a high-risk tumor in China,with high malignant degree,high mortality and poor prognosis.Hematological indexes are preoperative routine examination with low prices.Hematological indexes (such as tumor markers,inflammation index,etc) can be used to overall evaluate tumor size,depth of invasion,lymph node metastasis and recurrence of gastric cancer patients,which are helpful for us to better understand the surgical risks,and take preventive measures and improve the survival rate.

Cancer stem cells are a subclass of stem-cell-like tumor cells.They have an apparently higher tumorigenicity than other cell populations within the same tumor.They play a Very important role in genesis,development and maintenance of cancer.The data from research in leukemia and solid timors suggest that in each cancer tissue,only a small fraction of the cells have the ability to initiate tumor,which are called cancer stem cells.In recent years,with in-depth research on stem cells and cancer stem cells,accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are the cause of malignant tumor metastasis and recurrence and are resistant current callcer drugs.Drugs targeting cancer stem cells are urgently needed. Flow cytometry and magnetic cell sorting using the identified tumor stem cell surface markers are mainly used to separate cancer stem cells or stem cell-like cells. In this article,the concept of cancer stem cells and the commonly used approaches to isolate and identify cancer stem cells,especially for gastric cancer stem cells will be reviewed.

Objective To quantitatively examine the relationship between xeroderma pigmentosum complementation C group (XPC)rs2228000 (C /T)polymorphism and the susceptibility of breast cancer. Methods The relevant case-control studies published up to December 2015 which investigated XPC rs2228000 (C /T)polymorphism and breast cancer risk were identified by searching PubMed,Cochrane Library,Chinese Biomedical Literature Data,Wanfang Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP Database. Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0 software and odds ratio (OR)with its 95%CI were estimated. Results A total of 8 researches involving 9 case-control studies (3 850 breast cancer cases and 5 047 healthy controls) were included.The Meta-analysis showed that there was statistical association between XPC rs2228000(C /T)variance and breast cancer risk in the homozygous model (TT vs.CC:OR =1.28,95%CI:1.08-1.52,Z =2.80,P =0.005)and recessive model (TT vs.TC +CC:OR =1.23,95%CI:1.05-1.43, Z =2.64,P =0.008),but not in the allele model,heterozygote model and dominant model.In the subgroup of ethnicity and genotyping methods,the different significant correlation was existed between them under Asian and PCR-RFLP in genetic models (T vs.C:OR =1.21,95%CI:1.05-1.40,Z =2.63,P =0.009;TT vs. CC:OR =1.55,95%CI:1.13-2.13,Z =2.70,P =0.007;TT +TC vs.CC:OR =1.26,95%CI:1.02-1.55,Z =2.19,P =0.028;TT vs.TC +CC:OR =1.39,95%CI:1.04-1.87,Z =2.23,P =0.026).We also found significant association between them in subgroup of population-based controls in the homozygous model (TT vs.CC:OR =1.27,95%CI:1.02-1.57,Z =2.16,P =0.031).Conclusion XPC rs2228000 (C /T)polymorphism may be associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer,especially in Asian,and gene-type TT may increase the risk of breast cancer.