OBJECTIVE:To evaluate effect of calcium dobesilate on renal oxidative stress in type2diabetic rats.METHODS:30rats were divided into3groups of normal rats,diabetic rats,diabetic rats treated with calcium dobesi?late.Content of malonaldehyde(MDA)and activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in the renal tissue were compared among the groups.In addition,blood glucose,serum creatinine(Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were measured;the renal tissue were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.RESU_ LTS:Compared with untreated group,the level of BUN,Cr,renal MDA in calcium dobesilate treated group were significantly decreased,but the activity of renal SOD,GSH-PX were increased notably.In addition,the renal pathologic changes in calcium dobesilate treated group was also improved.CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress takes key point in the development of diabetic nephropathy,and antioxidation may be the possible mechanism of the neohroprotective action of calcium dobesilate.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide,leflunomide sequentially combined with prednisone in the treatment of membranous nephropathy in stage Ⅱ. METHODS:72 patients with membranous nephropathy in stageⅡwere randomly divided into group A(24 cases),B(24 cases)and C(24 cases). All patients were given angiotensin convert-ing enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) Benazepril hydrochloride tablet,warfarin,dipyridamole,calcium and other conventional treatment. Based on it,group A was orally given 50 mg Compound cyclophosphamide tablet,twice a day,for continuous 3 months+1.0 mg/(kg·d)Prednisone tablet,it was reduced 5 mg every 2 weeks after 2 months,then it reduced 2.5 mg every 2 weeks when 30 mg/day,and then it maintained 4-6 months when 10 mg/day,it lasted for 12 months. Group B was given 50 mg Leflunomide tablet,it changed as 20 mg/day after 2 d,and for continuous 6 months+Prednisone tablet(the same dosage and usage as group A). Group C was given Compound cyclophosphamide tablet(the same dosage and usage as group A)was orally given in 1-3 months,and Leflu-nomide tablet(the same dosage and usage as group B)in 4-9 months Prednisone tablet(the same dosage and usage as group A). Clinical efficacy,24 h urinary protein,albumin,total cholesterol,serum creatinine,alanine aminotransferase before and after 3, 6,9 and 12 months and incidence of adverse reactions in all groups were observed. RESULTS:Before treatment,there were no significant differences in the 24 h urinary protein,albumin,total cholesterol,serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase among all groups(P>0.05). After treatment,24 h urinary protein,total cholesterol,serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase in all groups were significantly lower than before,and they gradually decreased by treatment time,24 h urinary protein in group C was lower than group A and B,albumin was significantly higher than before and gradually increased by treatment time,and group C was higher than group A and B,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01);but there was no significant dif-ference between group A and B(P>0.05). The total effective rate in group C was significantly higher than group A and B,the dif-ference was statistically significant (P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between group A and B (P>0.05). And there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among 3 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Based on the conventional treatment,the efficacy of cyclophosphamide,leflunomide sequentially combined with glucocorticoid is superior to cyclophosphamide or leflunomide alone in the treatment of membranous nephropathy in stageⅡ,with similar safety.

To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 176 patients of recurrent cerebral infarction at our hospital.Based upon the treatment of acute stroke trial (TOAST) classification,the types of recurrent ischemic stroke with initial brainstem infarction were classified.And univariate and multivariate logistic analyses of risk factors were performed.The major types in a decreasing order were atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (AT,n =24,70.6％),small arterial occlusive stroke (SA,n =8,23.5％) and cardiogenic cerebral embolism (CE,n =2,5.9％).Brainstem infarction was more likely to be affected by poor life habits and a history of diabetes mellitus (DM).And atrial fibrillation was a major independent risk factor for non-brainstem infarction.Multivariate logistic analysis showed that poor living habits (P =0.03),a history of DM (P =0.004),vulnerable plaque (P =0.01) and poor compliance of secondary prevention medication (P =0.02) were independent risk factors for recurrent ischemic stroke with initial brainstem infarction.Health education should be strengthened for preventing recurrent ischemic stroke with brainstem infarction.