Objective To study the regulatory effect of cefodizime on the T-lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood in mice with immunological liver injury.Methods The mouse model of immunological liver injury was induced by Bacillus Calmette Guerin and Lipoposaccharide.The study was conducted by using completely random design.The mice with immunological liver injury were divided into thymosin group,cefodizime high-,medium-,low-dose groups,ceftriaxone group and the normal saline group.The six groups were continuously administered agents respectively for 7 days,and T-lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood in mice were determined and contrasted with those of the normal mice treated with normal saline on the 7th day.Flow cytomytry was used to determine the effects of cefodizime on T-lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood in mice by using immuno-fluorescence technique.Results The immunological liver injury mice were deficient because their CD3+(%),CD4+(%),CD8+(%) and the ratio of CD4+CD8+ were lower than those of the normal mice.Cefodizime effectively increased CD3+(%),CD4+(%) and the ratio of CD4+CD8+ of the mice with immunological liver injury.Conclusion Cefodizime effectively improves the immune function of the host by regulating the balance between CD4+ cell and CD8+ cell.

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics of different concentrations of levobupivacaine for lumbar epidural anesthesia.Methods Twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes, aged 35-59 years and scheduled for elective radical resection of rectal or colon carcinoma under general anesthesia combined with epidural block, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=10 each):group Ⅰ (receiving 0.75% levobupivacaine) and group Ⅱ (receiving 0.5% levobupivacaine). Epidural block was performed at L1-2 interspace. Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ received epidural 0.75% and 0.5% levobupivacaine 2 mg/kg (containing adrenaline 5 μg/kg)injected slowly over 2 min, respectively. And 30 min later, general anesthesia was induced with y-hydroxybutyrate 60-80 mg/kg and remifentanil 1-2μg/kg. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine 1-1.5 mg/kg and the patients were mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of nitrous oxide (N2 O) and O2 (1:1) and continuous infusion of remifentanil 0.01-0.1μg·kg-1·min-1 and intermittent intravenous boluses of atracurium. Sensory and motor blocks were assessed after epidural levobupivacaine. Blood samples were taken from the central vein at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 210, 300, 420,540, 660 and 840 min, respectively, after epidural administration for determination of plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine by high performance liquid chromatography.Results The plasma concentration-time curves of levobupivacaine were fitted to a two-compartment open model in the two groups and there were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles between the two groups. The onset time of sensory and motor blocks was shorter and the duration of the two blocks was longer with 0.75% levobupivacaine as compared with 0.5%levobupivacaine. The incidences of nausea and vomiting and hypotension were low and no severe cardiovascular and neurological side-effects developed.Conclusion The pharmacokinetic parameters do not differ significantly between epidural 0.75% and 0.5% levobupivacaine when the total doses are the same. And epidural anesthesia with either 0.75% or 0.5% levobupivacaine is safe.

Objective To investigate the effects of age on the pharmacokineties and pharmacodynamics of levobupivacaine after epidural administrstion.Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes (26 male, 19 female) aged 30-72 yr, weighing 52-83 kg scheduled for elective lower extremity surgery under epidural anesthesia, were divided into 3 age groups ( n = 15 each) : group Ⅰ≤45 yr; group Ⅱ 46-64 yr and group Ⅲ > 64 yr. Epidural anesthesia was performed at the L1,2 interspace. All of the patients received levobupivacaine 1.8 mg/kg with epinephrine 5 μg/ml given epidurally over 1.5 min. Assessment of sensory block (onset time, peak effect time, upper spread of sensory block, duration of anesthesia) and degree of motor block (using modified Bromage scale) were made. Blood samples were taken from central vein at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 90, 120, 240, 360, 480, 840 and 1 440 min after epidural administration for determination of plasma concentration of levobupivacaine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLG) in nine patients in each group. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma concentration-time data with 3P97 software package. Results The cephalad spread of sensory block was significantly higher in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ . The duration of sensory and motor block was significantly longer in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ . The plasma concentration-time curves of levobupivacaine were fitted to a two-compartment open model in the 3 groups. The plasma concentrations of levobupivacaine were significantly higher at 1 440 min after epidural administration in group Ⅲ and Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ. The t1/2β was significantly different among the 3 groups. Conclusion 0.75% levobupivacaine is safe and effective for epidural anesthesia. Age affects the pharmacokinetics (t1/2β in particular) and pharmacodynamics of levobupivacaine administered epidurally.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of high frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) vs. conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) on the treatment and prognosis of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods Published articles concerning randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the effect of HFOV vs. CV on the prognosis of adult patients with ARDS published before May 2014 were retrieved from PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane central registry of controlled trials, CNKI and Wanfang Data. The mortality and data of physiological parameters were analyzed with STATA 12.0, and the mortality rate was also analyzed by trial sequential analysis with TSA 0.9, and the line chart was drawn with Microsoft Office Excel 2003.Results Seven trials with 1 731 patients met the criteria, all of them recorded the physiological parameters data, and mortality rate was mentioned in 6 trials (1 705 patients). Compared with CV, HFOV did not show any statistically significant beneficial effects on mortality [relative risk (RR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 0.70-1.24,P = 0.63], and other clinical outcomes, including survival without mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.72-1.54,P = 0.80), survival on mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.23, 95%CI = 0.65-2.35,P = 0.52), or treatment failure (RR = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.50-1.56,P = 0.67). The risk factors of adverse events including hypotension (RR = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.07-10.99,P =0.93), acidosis (RR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.43-2.56,P = 0.91), and air leakage from ventilator (RR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.31-1.80,P =0.51) were similar. But the physiologic parameters of patients and parameters of ventilator in HFOV group, including oxygenation index, positive end-expiratory pressure, tidal volume, mean airway pressure, arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, fraction of inspired oxygen, ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen, were better than those in the CV group. Methods adapted from formal interim monitoring boundaries applied to cumulative Meta-analysis showed that the evidence failed by a considerable degree to meet the standards for forgoing studies, and the necessary sample was 3 874 patients. Trial sequential analysis also showed that the accumulatedZ-score did not cross the traditional boundary (P = 0.05) and interim monitoring boundaries. This result indicated that there was no significant difference between CV and HFOV on mortality before the number of needed sample reached (3 874 cases). We could not get a definitive conclusion with current evidences.ConclusionsCompared with CV, the use of HFOV in ARDS was not associated with a significant reduction in mortality. But the physiologic parameters of patients in HFOV group were better than those in the CV group. More RCTs are needed to draw a definitive conclusion.

Objective To compared two classical rat models of nephrotic syndrome and to provide some reference data to researchers.Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group,puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome (PAN) group and adriamycininduced nephrotic syndrome (ADR) group.The body weight,twenty four hour proteinuria level,serum albumin concentration,cholesterol concentration,creatinine and urea concentration were measured.The renal pathology change was evaluated.The drug toxic effects,administration methods and the costs were also compared.Results There was no significant difference in body weight and hair color between control group and PAN group.Compared to control group,the body weight of the rats significantly decreased at day 15 and day 21 in ADR group (P ＜ 0.01),accompanied by epilation and diarrhea.Compared to control group,the 24-hour urinary protein levels increased significantly at day 10 (P ＜ 0.01),day 15 (P ＜ 0.01),and reached the peak level at day 15 (P ＜ 0.01),day 21 (P ＜ 0.01) in PAN group and ADR group respectively.Compared to control group,the serum albumin concentration decreased significantly at day 10 (P＜0.01),and return to normal level at day 15.The serum cholesterol concentration was increased significantly at day 10 (P ＜ 0.01) and return to normal at day 15 in PAN group.Compared to control group,the serum albumin concentration was decreased significantly at day 15 (P＜0.05) and return to normal at day 21 in ADR group.No significant difference of serum creatinine and serum urea nitrogen levels were found among three groups.Compared to control group,the width of foot process increased significantly at day10 (P ＜ 0.01) and day 15 (P ＜ 0.05) in PAN group and ADR group respectively.To successfully induce a nephrotic rat model (per 100 g),the cost of PAN group was 3.1 times of ADR group (578.10 yuan vs 186.94 yuan).Conclusions Nephrotic syndrome can be induced by both PAN and ADR.The administration of PAN via intraperitoneal injection is more convenient as compared to ADR via tail intravenous injection.Compared to ADR,PAN can induce nephrotic syndrome model more rapidly,with more consistent detection index,and less toxic effects,but its cost is more expensive.

Objective To study the profiles and function of small RNA (sRNA)gene during chondrogenesis in rats so as to clarify the mechanisms of chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation.Methods All the sRNAs were identified from the female SD rats femoral head cartilages at three time points:at birth,ablactation and maturation,and three sRNA libraries were constructed.The Solexa sequencing and the bioinformatics analysis were employed to be blasted with the genomes of SD rats.Results The perfect match reads in the three libraries were screened out,which were correspondent to the 21 7 921 (41.23%),1 96 650 (38.74%)and 245 436 (41.54%)unique sRNA sequence,respectively.The percentages of 20-24 nt sRNA were 71.94% (d0),72.85% (d21),and 86.39%(d42).Half of clean sequences were 22 nt sRNA.The distribution characteristics of the reads were in line with the high-quality sRNA.More than 62% clean reads were from mature miRNA while the ratios in the three libraries were only 0.69%,0.78% and 0.63%.About 60% of the unique sRNA could not be matched with miRBase20.0 or Rfam9.1.Conclusion The distribution model of miRNA in the three libraries indicates that the miRNAs with different functions or from different sources are involved in the regulation of chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation in bone development and formation.

Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and changing trend of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) during 2005-2011 in Beijing.Methods Five serial cross-sectional surveys of MSM were conducted in the year of 2005-2006,2007,2008,2009,and 2010-2011 in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Whole blood samples were collected and then RNA was extracted.HIV-1 gag gene was characterized by reverse transcriptase and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification,DNA sequencing,and phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences to determine the HIV-1 subtypes.Results Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that the predominant subtypes of HIV-1 gag gene included subtype B,CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC.And CRF15_01B was detected from the year of 2008.In addition,significant changes of the distributions of subtypes and CRFs occurred from 2005 to 2011 in HIV+ MSM.Subtype B showed a significant decreased trend,while the proportions of CRF01 _AE and CRF07_BC significantly increased in the 7-year period,particularly that of CRF01_AE.Conclusions The substantial changes are observed in the diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating among MSM in Beijing during a 7-year period.

Objective To investigate the effects of CYP3A5~* 3 genetic polymorphism on analgesia with fentanyl. Methods One hundred and eighty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 20-50 yr, Hart nationality, Henan province, scheduled for elective abdominal total hysterectomy or myomectomy under general anesthesia, were enrolled in this study. The polymorphic sites of the CYP3A5~* 3 allele were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The patients were assigned to one of 3 groups according to their genotypes: wild homozygote group, mutation heterozygote group and mutation homozygote group. Midazolam, remifentanyl, propofol and succinylcholine were used for induction of anesthesia. The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation. Remifentanyl, propofol and atracurium were given iv for maintenance of anesthesia. The pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) after consciousness was regained. When VAS score > 3, the patients were given fentanyl 20 μg every 5 min until VAS score was decreased to ≤3 and then patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with fentanyl was started. The background infusion rate of fentanyl 1.0 mg and droperidol 5 mg (in 100 ml normal saline) was 0.5 ml/h. The PCIA pump was programmed to give a 2 ml bolus of fentanyl solution with a 5 min lockout interval, 7 time successful delivery per hour and maximum dosage 145 μg/h, and VAS score was maintained less than 3. The amount of fentanyl used within 24 h after surgery was recorded. Results No significant difference was detected in the fentanyl consumption in the 24 h during PCIA among the 3 groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion The genetic polymorphism CYP3 A5~* 3 is not the factor contributing to the individual variation in the patient's response to analgesia with fentanyl.

OBJECTIVE To compare two different observed data from Nov 2003 to Apr 2004 and from Jan 2005 to Dec 2005 on hospital-acquired infection in our hospital and put forward the counterned measures.METHODS The bacteria samples from clinic were cultured.RESULTS The Pseudomonas aerugonosa,Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli were common strains of bacteria according to the two years data in our hospital.They were 30.35%,18.41% and 8.46% vs 19.74%,17.11% and 14.04%,respectively.The P.aerugonosa infective constituent ratio was decreased(30.35% vs 19.74%,P

Objective To analyze the character of Pol-specific T lymphocyte responses and identify immunodominant region recognized in Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C infectors at different stages of diseases. Methods Eleven Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C infectors infected in 18 months, 25 which infected time more than 3 years and 10 HIV-1-seronegative healthy individuals were enrolled. HIV-1-specific T lymphocyte responses were analyzed by an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay against 249 overlapping peptides spanning HIV-1 Pol protein in the present study. Results Pol-specific T lymphocyte responses of IFN-γsecretion were identified in 8 (72.73%) out of 11 infectors infected in 18 months, the specific T lymphocytes are mainly targe-ted at six peptides which amino acid position from Pol 481 to 631 in reverse transcriptase region: Pol5581, Pol5582, Pol5587, Pol5609, Pol5610 and Pol5615. There was a negative correlation between the breadth of re-sponse and peripheral CD4+ T cell count (P=0.0212, r=-0.762) ; Responses were identified in 15 (60%) out of 25 chronic infectors, the specific T lymphocytes are mainly targeted at four peptides which amino acid po-sition from Pol 241 to 295: Pol5521, Pol5525, Pol5526, Pol5531 and another peptide: Pol5638 which amino acid position from Pol 708 to 722 in reverse transcriptase region. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude of Pol-specific IFN-γ secretion T lymphocyte responses and plasma viremia (P = 0.006 95 , r = 0.660) . None of the seronegative healthy individuals gave the positive responses. Conclusion Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C infectors at different stages of diseases mainly recognized different re-gions of Pol.