ORL1(Opioid receptor-like 1)receptor and its endogenous ligand,nociceptin/orphanin FQ,belong to G protein-coupled receptor super family with multiple functions.ORL1 is not only endowed with anti-opioid properties(it suppresses opioid-mediated analgesia),but also involved in cognitive processes,emotion,cardioprotection and neuroendocrine secretion.The research on ORL1 and N/OFQ will certainly be helpful to develop new therapeutic drugs and to find drug targets of clinical application.

Objective To compare the effects of three different plasma substitutes, 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.5), 4% Gelofusine and 5% Polygeline, on blood coagulation and arterial blood gases and electrolytes during acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHHD) . Methods Seventy ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ adult patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery with the intraoperative blood loss predicted to exceed 500 ml were entered in this study. Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and blood sampling before induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 3 ?g?kg-1, propofol 2 mg?kg-1 and atracurium 0.5 mg? kg-1 and maintained with enflurane (1-2 MAC) . The patients were mechanically ventilated ( VT= 10 ml? kg-1 , RR = 12 bpm) after tracheal intubation. Internal jugular vein was cannulated after induction of anesthesia for CVP monitoring. After induction of anesthesia the patients were randomized to receive 20 ml?kg-1 of either 6% HES (group H, n = 20), 4% Gelofusine (group G, n = 20), 5% Polygeline (group P, n = 20) or lactated Ringer's solution (group R, n = 10) within 20-40 min. Arterial blood samples were taken before AHHD, at the end of and 30 min after the infusion of substitute for determination of activated coagulation time (ACT), thromboelastography (TEG) , blood gas analysis and plasma electrolytes. Blood volume expansion rate was calculated [ blood volume expansion rate = (Hct before AHHD - Hct after AHHD) / Hct before AHHD] .Results The four groups were comparable with respect to sex, age and body weight. Lactated Ringer' s solution was significantly less efficient in expanding intravascular blood volume than the 3 plasma substitutes, but there was no significant difference in blood volume expansion rate among group H, G and P. CVP increased significantly after AHHD compared with the baseline value before AHHD in group H, G and P (P

[Objective] To explore the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis from the perspective of the theory of Fuxie, so as to more comprehensively understand the rheumatoid arthritis, broaden the thinking of clinical diagnosis and treatment, and improve the clinical efficacy. [Methods] The theory of Fuxie theory was summarized, from the aspects of interpretation, theoretical origin, modern medical knowledge and so on, combined with the regularity of the pathogenesis of the pathogen, the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis were discussed. [Results] Fuxie theory is originally derived from Huangdi Neijing, it is considered that Fuxie is divided into exogenous and endogenous Fuxie foxier, etiology of rheumatoid arthritis with hidden pathogenic objective basis, its pathogenesis with hidden pathogenic mechanism, the treatment principle and treatment method by pathogen consistentcy. [Conclusion] Understanding of rheumatoid arthritis, according to the characteristics and development of Fuxie disease transmission rules, can better grasp the nature of the disease, diagnosis and treatment of Fuxie theory of rheumatoid arthritis has important clinical significance, rheumatoid arthritis from Fuxie theory provides new ideas and methods for clinical treatment.

This study investigates whether kappa-opioid receptor and ORL1 receptor may interact to form a heterodimer. In immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation experiments, differentially epitope-tagged receptors, colocalization and heterodimerization of kappa-opioid receptor and ORL1 receptor were used and examined in primary culturing rat neurons, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The results show that fluorescence of both kappa-opioid receptor and ORL1 receptor were overlapping in primary culturing hippocampal and cortical neurons. Similarly in co-expressing CHO or HEK293 cells, HA-KOR and Myc-ORL1 were almost exclusively confined to the membranes, revealing extensive colocalization. When Flag-KOR and Myc-ORL1 were co-expressing in CHO cells, heterodimerization was identified to have the ability to co-immunoprecipitate ORL1-receptors with kappa-opioid receptor and vice versa. In the current study, further evidence was provided for the direct interaction of two subtypes of opioid receptors, kappa-opioid receptor and ORL1-receptor, to form the heterodimerization. The finding represents the novel pharmacological mechanism for modulation of opioid receptor function as well as diversity of G protein-coupled receptors.

Objective To investigate the effects of 7 5% hypertonic saline (HS) on fluid balance after elective major abdominal surgery Methods Twenty two patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were assigned to receive either Ringer lactate solution followed by 4 ml/kg of 7 5% HS (study group, n =11) or Ringer lactate solution (control group, n =11) during the early postoperative period in ICU We compared fluid infusion volumes and urine outputs, fluid balance, and body weight change between the 2 groups Results Urine outputs in the operative day and the first postoperative day in study group were significantly more than in control group [(2?650?531)ml vs (2?046?572)ml, t =2 551?7, P

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and indication of surgical treatment of L5S1 tuberculosis us?ing a medial edge of rectus abdominal muscle and retroperitoneal approach. Methods From Jan. 2010 to Nov. 2014, totally 18 cases of L5S1 tuberculosis were surgically cured by debridement, fusion and internal fixation via a medial edge of rectus ab?dominal muscle and retroperitoneal approach. There were 10 males and 8 females, with an average age of 35.6±10.1 years (21 to 55). The mean course of disease was 5.3±2.2 months. The primary destruction lesions were located at L5S1, and one patient of whom L4 was also involved, three cases S2 involved, and one S3 involved. Abscess pre sacrum was noticed in all cases. Six patients were combined with abscess in vertebral canal. Neural deficiency was detected in 3 patients, all grading as Frankel D. Dubousset's lumbosacral angle was 104°-126°, mean 114.6°±6.0°. Formal anti?tuberculosis medicine treatment was given for at least 2-3 weeks. All patients were treated using a medial edge of rectus abdominal muscle and retroperitoneal approach. Af?ter debridement, a tri?cortical iliac bone was used for structural inter?vertebrae fusion. The iliac bone was fixed to the sacrum by one cortical screw. Operation time, volume of blood loss, and surgery complications, including wound infection, looseness and shift of internal fixation, sinus occurrence, vascular injury, retrograde ejaculation in male patients were evaluated. The X?ray and 3D CT of lumbosacral spine, together with ESR and CRP were used to evaluate the control of tuberculosis during fol?low?up. The Dubousset's lumbosacral angle, visual analogue score, and the Frankel grade were compared between preoperative and postoperative. The bone graft fusion were also observed. Results The operation time was 147±16 min in average. The mean blood lose was 275 ± 77 ml. No vascular or neurological injury was noticed. There was also no retrograde ejaculation happened in this group. All patients were followed up from 18 to 28 months. Dubousset's lumbosacral angle was 122.4°±3.8° post?operatively and 121.4°±3.7° at the final follow?up. There was a significant difference between the lumbosacral angles pre and post operation, whereas no statistical difference between the post operation and the final follow?up. Bone fusion was noticed in all cases. All pa? tients have intact neurological function at the final follow?up. No screw breakage or graft bone migration occurred. VAS was 5.6± 1.09 pre?operation and 0.83±0.71 at the 3rd month's follow?up, and there was a significant difference between them. Conclusion Surgical treatment of L5S1 tuberculosis by debridement, fusion and internal fixation via a medial edge of rectus abdominal muscle and retroperitoneal approach is an effective method in terms of minimal trauma, low rate of modality, good ability in restore and maintenance of lumbosacral junction alignment and high fusion rate.

Objective To introduce the preliminary experience of using rigid neuroendoscope in repair of spinal meningocele or myelomeningocele. Methods 3 infantile patients aging between 13 months and 22 months underwent the resection and repair of spinal meningocele or myelomeningocele in May, 2013. The operations were performed under the direct visualization of the rigid neuroendoscope in the aid of the intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring. All the surgical manipulations were accomplished outside the sheath of the endoscope. Results The surgical procedures were smooth. All the patients recovered satisfactorily. There was no postoperative complication. At the one-year follow-up, they were developing normally. Conclusions The rigid neuroendoscope is useful to the resection and repair of spinal meningocele and myelomeningocele. It could simplify the surgical procedures.

The design and the teaching of immulogical experiment should be helpful to training the students'ability both in clinical practising and scientific thinking.The key links may include nailing down the target,optimizing the contents,improving the teaching method,valuing the design item,and standardizing the report so as to enhance the students' comprehensive skills and scientific thinking by means of "operating" and "braining".

The article explores the teaching content in immunology according to "three modules and one line" and tamps the knowledge points of the basic module ,forms the point-into-line methods of the core module and emphasizes the application of extending module to expand the teachin "gspaces" between the theachers and students.

0.05) when all cases were put together. But the observed morbidity in group B (20%) was less than that in group A (40%) with the difference being statistically significant (?~2=4.41,P=0.036). ConclusionsThe POSSUM methodology allows satisfactory prediction of mortality and morbidity rates in patients undergoing colorectal tumor surgery.