Objective To observe the expression and localiz at ion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?) of granulation tissue and chole steatoma in chronic otitis media, and explore its relationship with chronic otit is media. Methods The expression of TNF-? was observe d by immunohistochemical method in cholesteatoma, granulation tissue and normal external ear canal skin in 42 cases with chronic otitis media. Results The level of TNF-? in the group of the sample s including cholesteatoma and granulation tissue increased significantly (P
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