Objective To discuss the epidural cavity surgical anatomical physiology under fiber optic epidural catheter, and to analyze the technological advantages compared to the the agent under blind. Methods 60 cases who need to epidural abdominal surgery from Jan. to Nov. 2013 were collected. Common duct (30 cases) and fiber optical epidural catheter (30 cases) were respectively used at anesthesia, and the epidural cavity surgical anatomy physiology were observed. Results Compared with indexs before anesthesia, before induction and before intubation, the HR, SPB, and MAP in 5 min after intubation and at the moment of skin incision were of statistically significant differ-ences (P<0. 05). There is a cavity between epidural space and vertebral canal periosteum which is not linked to cranial cavity, but there were a certain amount of connective tissue and venous plexus. The volume of the cavity was about 100 mL, the front and side were narrow and the back was wide, and it began to gradually expand from the neck, and reached its peak at the waist, and then gradually narrowed, un-til the sacral hiatus. Conclusion Fiber optic epidural catheter could make the patient’ s anatomy physiology structure more clear, and it also make it possible to cathetering visually for the anesthesiologist.

Background Retinal neovascularization (RNV) occurs in multiple eye diseases,which can lead to bleeding and retinal detachment.Therefore,inhibition of pathological RNV is becoming crucial to the treatment of ocular diseases.Research has shown that α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) inhibits retinal angiogenesis during physiological development;however,the effects of α-MSH on pathological RNV remain unknown.Objective This study was to investigate the effects of intravitreal injection of α-MSH at different concentrations on pathological RNV in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR).Methods Forty healthy clean C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into OIR+0.33 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR+ 1.67 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR+3.30 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR,and normal control groups at postnatal day 7 (P7),with 8 pups in each group.The α-MSH intervention groups and OIR group were exposed to high oxygen (75 ±2)％ for 5 days,then maintained under normal air condition for another 5 days;whereas the normal control group was raised under normoxia for 10 days.Retro-orbital injection of high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) was performed on P17 mice.The retina whole mounts were prepared to reveal retinal vasculature and quantify relative area of vessel obliteration.The mouse eyeballs were subjected to paraffin sections and hematoxylin-eosin staining,and the average number of pre-retinal nuclei per section was quantified.Results FITC-dextran labeled retinal whole mounts showed that the relative vessel obliteration area in normal control,OIR,OIR+0.33 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR+ 1.67 μg/μl α-MSH,and OIR+3.30 μg/μl α-MSH groups were (0.00±0.00) ％,(23.01 ±3.39) ％,(18.14±7.20) ％,(15.64±7.07) ％,and (7.62±6.52) ％,respectively.There was a statistical significance in the relative avascular area among the groups (F=19.635,P＜0.05).The relative avascular area in the OIR group was significantly higher than that in the OIR+3.30 μg/μl α-MSH group (t=4.293,P＜0.01).The results of histopathological examinations showed that the average number of pre-retinal nuclei per section in normal control,OIR,OIR+0.33 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR+1.67 μg/μl α-MSH,and OIR+3.30 μg/μl α-MSH groups were 0.00±0.00,11.45 ±4.26,6.35 ±2.34,4.96 ± 1.79 and 1.03 ± 1.25,respectively.There was a statistical significance in the average number of pre-retinal nuclei per section among the groups (F =147.87,P＜0.05).The average number of pre-retinal nuclei per section in the OIR group was significantly higher than that in the OIR+0.33 μg/μl α-MSH,OIR+ 1.67 μg/μl α-MSH,and OIR+3.30 μg/μl α-MSH groups,the differences between the groups had statistical significances (all at P＜0.001).Conclusions α-MSH reduces the relative area of vessel obliteration and the average number of pre-retinal nuclei in the retinas of OIR mouse model.The inhibitory effects of α-MSH on the pathological RNV are dose-dependent.

Objective To investigate the application value of uItrasonography in the classifying patients,preventing and treating the major earthquake-induced complications.Methods Seven hundred and forty-three patients were divided into four sorts by region of injuries:thoracic cavity,abdominal cavity,blood vessels of limbs and crush.According to the admission time,there were two phases and the data was analyzed respectively.Results Abnormal ultrasonic image was found in 218 of all patients,with positive ratio 29.3%.In the first phase,the morbidity of crush-induced hematoma was the highest,followed by pleural effusion,spleen rupture,liver fracture,injury of blood vessels,renal damage,intestinal rupture and crush syndrome with renal failure.Compared with that of the first phase,the morbidity of the injury of blood vessels and crush syndrome with renal failure increased in the second phase.Conclusions It was important to analyze the earthquake-induced injury because the major earthquake often cause the damage of multiple organs.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous laser disk decompression(PLDD) is a new interventional therapy of lumbar disk herniation recently. Posterior lateral route is often employed. Puncture route was investigated by the application of anatomic methods previously. However, there are relative fewer reports regarding the observation of the route of lumbar nerve root in intervertebral plane and triangle working area from thin section anatomy and CT section anatomy.OBJECTIVE: To clarify the intervertebral route and its adjacent relationship of lumbar nerve root on thin section and CT section to provide a anatomic gist for puncture route in PLDD.DESIGN: An observational study based on corpus and normal individual.SETTING: Department of radiology of a military medical university of Chinese PLA affiliated hospital and the department of anatomy of a military medical university of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: The collection of the first Chinese visible human was completed in the Department of Anatomy(laboratory of computer medicine) the Faculty of Medicine, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in October 2002. Totally 53 subjects without confirmed vertebral and intervertebral disc diseases and other diseases of the adjacent organs received CT examination and measurement in the Department of Radiology of the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA Affiliated Southwest Hospital between january and March 2000.INTERVENTIONS: The intervertebral route of lumbar nerve root in the first Chinese visible human was observed descriptively. The route, morphology, size, adjacent structure, and the distance between puncture line and lumbar nerve in 53 normal individuals were observed and measured by CT.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To describe the intervertebral route of lumbar nerve root in the first CVH and normal individual, to measure the intervertebral length and width of lumbar nerve, and the distance between puncture line and lumbar nerve.RESULTS: The first Chinese visible human lumbar has 48 layers of intervertebral space with a thickness of each layer of 1.0 mm. The route and adjacent structure of lumbar nerve displayed in each section were clear. CT image clearly showed the intervertebral route, size and adjacent structure of lumbar nerve root.CONCLUSION: The first Chinese visible human lumbar nerve root intervertebral route is a continuous and intact thin section specimen. The intervertebral route and morphology of lumbar root nerve have great alterations. The relationship between puncture route and its adjacent lumbar nerve root, anterior articular process, ilium wing and vessels is very close.

Objective To sum up experience and lessons learnt from liver separation in two thoracoventropagus twins. Method By preoperative imaging it was verified that the two twins of thoracoventropagus named as AB and CD respectively having independent portal hepatic system and the digestive tract.Intraoperatively a separation line was delineated between the porta hepatis,the second porta hepatis.Liver parenchyma of the AB conjoined twin was separated under local blood control with both sides of the seperation line.Intraoperative bleeding was about 10ml,liver rough surface was suctured together,after ligation or suturing of blood vessels and bile ducts.The livers of CD conjoined twin were separated with blocking the first hepatic hilum firstly,and partial hepatic vascular exclusion secondly by part of the liver pressed with finger.There was intraoperative bleeding of about 200 ml. Results The two cases of conjoined twins were separated successfully,and there was no bile leakage,liver failure and infection.A and B are alive and well.D died of lung infection 78 days later.C died of lung and cavitas thoracis infection 9 months later. Conclusion Liver separation is feasible in a thoracoventropagus with independent porta hepatis system.Partial blocking of hepatic vasculature occlusion,in stead of portal triad clamping is preferred.During the separation of hepatic parenchyma finger press for the control of local hepatic blood flow is not always reliable.

Objective To build the dataset of Chinese visible human female. Methods After undergoing macroscopical, CT and MRI examinations to exclude organic lesions, a young female cadaver of medium height was selected as the subject. After morphological measurement and vascular perfusion, the cadaver was embedded with 5% gelatin and cryopreserved in a -30 ℃ icehouse for 1 week. A digital milling machine TK 6350 (milling accuracy of 0.001 mm) was used to shave off slices of the body layer by layer from head to foot in a laboratory at -25 ℃. The successive cross sections were photographed with a high definition digital camera, and the pictures were put into a computer to establish a dataset of human body. By utilizing the image dataset derived from the successive cross sections, 3D reconstruction and stereodisplay of human structure were finished with a SGI Workstation which was equipped with an independently self developed software package for 3D reconstruction. Results The selected specimen, a 22 year old female native of Chongqing, was 1 620 mm in height, 54 kg in weight and died of non organic disease. CT scans were made in every 1.0 mm for head and neck and every 2.0 mm for rest parts, and the thickness for MRI scans was 1.5 mm for head and 3.0 mm for rest parts. For serial cross sections, the thickness was 0.25 mm for head and 0.5 mm for rest parts. Thus, a total of 3640 slices were obtained, and the photo for every slice was saved as a 36 MB file in a resolution of 6 291 456 pixels (3 072?2 048). Finally, the complete data files reached to 131.04 GB. Conclusion ① This is the first formally reported case of Chinese visible human female, suggesting that China becomes the second country owning visible human female dataset of her population. We set up a website for the purpose of exchanging ideas and information on this subject. So, the results are issued simultaneously on the Internet (http://www.chinesevisiblehuman.com).② According to US Visible Human Project(VHP), the data of the 3 junctional parts of their female cadaver were absent because the body was cut into 4 segments. Taking the age of 59 year old into account, the visible human female's body was not exactly perfect. The sections of 0.33 mm in thickness were saved to pictures at a resolution of 2 490 368 pixels (2 048?1 216). While, the first Chinese visible human female reported here is a young female without organic disease or lesion. No sectional datum is lost for being acquired from successive sections of the whole body. The resolution of cross sectional image reaches to 6 291 456 pixels (3 072?2 048).

Objective To achieve computer visualization of the first Chinese visible male and female Methods After acquisition of the dataset of the first Chinese visible male and female (2 518 cross sections were obtained from the visible male, the complete data files take up 90 468 GBs; while 3 640 cross sections from the female, the complete data files take up 131 04 GBs ), we processed 2 D images in an SGI Workstation and on P4 computer respectively Then, image registration was performed through reserved scaling point Reconstruction was achieved by two approaches: volume rendering reconstruction and surface rendering reconstruction Results We visualized the whole body and special parts of Chinese visible male and female on an SGI Workstation and a personal computer respectively Furthermore, by optimizing 3 D reconstruction and data processing technique, interactive 3 D visualization of the dataset was achieved Conclusions ①The dataset of the first Chinese visible male and female proves to be eligible for 3 D visualization research ②The platform setup of interactive 3 D visualization of Chinese visible male and female dataset provides foundation for digital human anatomy and virtual surgery ③The models of human organs and parts built through data segmentation, classification, registration and drawing lay basis for rendering complex structures of the whole human body delicately

Objective To establish more detailed dataset of Chinese visible human male. Methods After undergoing macroscopical, CT and MRI examinations to exclude organic lesion, a young aged, middle sized male cadaver was selected as the subject. First, morphological measurement and vascular perfusion were performed. Second, after embedding with 5% gelatin, the cadaver was put in ice house and frozen to -30 ℃ for 1 week. Third, TK 6350 numerical control milling machine (milling accuracy of 0.001 mm) was used to shave off slices of the body layer by layer from head to foot at -25 ℃ in low temperature laboratory. Fourth, the successive cross sections were photographed with high resolution digital camera and scanned into an animation computer. Thus, data acquisition from cadaver model was completed to obtain structural dataset of the human body. Results The selected sample was a 21 year old, 1 820 mm in height, 66 kg in weight male died due to non organic disease. CT with 1.0 mm slice thickness for the head and neck and 2.0 mm for the rest of the body was performed. MRI with 1.5 mm slice thickness for the head and neck and 3.0 mm for the rest of the body was also performed. A total of 18 398 serial cross sections with the thickness of 0.1 mm of each section were obtained. The digital photographs were sampled at a resolution of 10 989 056 (4 064?2 704) pixels. The data file of each section occupies 62.9 MB. The complete data files occupy 1 157.23 GB. The research results are issued simultaneously on the Internet (http://www.chinese visiblehuman.Conclusion ① Review of the related literatures reveals that the thinnest thickness of the reported cross section of the visible human dataset is 0.2 mm(the thickness of the sections of the skull base of the first case of Chinese visible human reported by our research group is 0.1 mm.), and the slices consist of several thousands of serial cross sections with several millions of pixels. The data files occupy several tens of GB or more than 100 GB. However, the thickness of the cross sections of the whole body of the dataset achieved in our research is 0.1 mm. The total slices consist of 18 398 serial cross sections with the photographic resolution of 11 million pixels and the total data file reaches 1 157.23 GB. The three indexes mentioned above are elevated by 1 log unit. ② We have solved the key technical problems in data acquisition of visible human such as super thin serial cross sectioning, enormous quantity of data storing and display of tiny blood vessels.

【Objective:】 To understand the current status and related impacts of medical risk perception and treatment decision-making in preoperative patients with malignant tumors. 【Methods:】 The 350 malignant tumor patients who were hospitalized for surgical treatment in two tertiary hospitals in Liaoning Province were selected. The general information questionnaire, medical risk perception questionnaire, and participation in treatment decision-making questionnaire were used as survey tools. SPSS26.0 software, data statistical methods such as the Kappa test and multiple linear regression were used to analyze valid data. 【Results:】 Among the 350 subjects, the mean scores of the actual level of participation in treatment decision-making and attitude towards participation in treatment decision-making were(1.75±0.50) and(1.56±0.52), respectively, and the consistency between them was poor(Kappa=0.134, P<0.001). The total score of medical risk perception in preoperative patients with malignant tumors was(57.13±16.2). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the actual degree of patient participation in treatment decision-making was influenced by the experience of surgical treatment(β=-1.744, P<0.05), economic risk in medical risk perception(β=0.478, P<0.05), and time risk (β=0.478, P<0.05). Economic risk in medical risk perception(β=0.043, P<0.05), time risk (β=0.646, P<0.05), and psychological risk(β=-0.329, P<0.05) were the influencing factors of patients’ attitude towards participating in treatment decision-making. 【Conclusion:】 Medical professionals should pay more attention to the influence of medical risk perception of malignant tumor patients on treatment decision-making. Malignant tumor patients should fully exercise their right to choose treatment plans independently, and jointly improve the actual level and attitude of the group when participating in treatment decision-making.

Objective Based on the multi-camera digital image correlation (DIC) method, the dynamic deformation characteristics of human hand during grasping were studied. Methods A continuous four-camera DIC system was established to measure surface strain of the skin on the back of the hand during grasping process, and then through the connection between skin, joints, bones and muscles, the regular pattern of muscle deformation could be known indirectly. Results Four grasping postures (medium cylinder, lateral pinch, index finger extension, power sphere) were measured. It was found that the increases of strain magnitude were different at different positions on back surface of the hand under different grasping postures, and the maximum principal strains were between 0.1 and 0.3. The movement characteristics for each muscle group of the hand under different grasping postures were obtained through analysis. Conclusions This method has the characteristics of non-contact, full field, intuitive results, which provides a new way for in vivo measurement of dynamic deformation during grasping.