From the three perspectives of utilitarianism,ethics and nature,the paper explores the latest progress of heredity,that is,the ethical and natural limits of the clone human and "human-beast".This paper holds that ethically and naturally,clone human and "human-beast" is a challenge and destruction of the basic ethical rules of humankind,and totally violate the natural instincts.Therefore,evaluation on the behavior of producing clone human and "human-beast" can not only be constrained from the utility standpoint,but also from the depth of ethical and natural points.

Objective To explore the relationship between ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and the expression ET-3 and GFAP. Methods Thirty-six adult male mice were randomly divided into three groups: ⑴ ischemia/reperfusion group(IR,n=24), bilateral common carotid arteries(BCCA) of mice were ligated for 7 minutes and reperfused for 1day,3day,5day and 10day; ⑵ a sham operation group (SO, n=6); ⑶ normal control group(NG, n=6). The ET-3 and GFAP expressions in the layers Ⅲ-Ⅵ of frontal and parietal lobes of mice in the three groups was detected by immunohistochemisty. Results The expressions of ET-3 and GFAP in the layers Ⅲ-Ⅵ of frontal and parietal lobes significantly increased in I/R group(P

Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and belongs to a non-segmented, single-strand and negative-sense RNA virus.Since the first discovery of virus in 1967, infections have broken out 14 times, causing the infection of 588 people and 482 deaths.The mortality is up to 82%.Marburg virus results in multiple organ infections , severe hemorrhagic fever and death .Currently, there are no available licensed vaccines or post-exposure treatment , but the vaccines have proved effective in experimental animals .This review briefly summarizes the structure , infection mechanism and the progress in vaccines of this virus .

Objective To discover novel conopeptides which are the antagonists of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in order to contribute to the development of novel analgesic drugs and neuropharmacological probes.Methods Based on the conserved untranslated region and intron of A-superfamily conotoxins,a novel α-conotoxin Lt1.1 was cloned from Conus litteratus.The peptide-resin was synthesized using the solid-phased method and was cleaved.The resulting linear peptide was oxidized by air to give the product containing disulfide bridges.The folding product was finally purified by HPLC.The disulfide bond connectivity was determined using the two-step oxidative folding methods.The cRNA of rat nAChRs was expressed on the membrane of Xenopus oocyte.Membrane currents were recorded using the two electrode voltage-clamp technique.Results A novel α-conotoxin designated as Lt1.1(GCCSHPACNVNNPDIC-NH2) was cloned and its disulfide connectivity was C1-C3,C2-C4.Lt1.1 selectively inhibited the α3β2 and α3β4 nAChRs with an IC50 of 166.76 and 190.00 nmol/L,respectively.Conclusion Lt1.1 is a novel 4/7 α-conotoxin that selectively targets α3β2 and α3β4 nAChRs.

Objective To screen small fragments with high antigenicity in order to overcome the defects of the full-length Marburg virus GP as a vaccine antigen.Methods Based on the structure and function of GP sequence [amino acids(aa) 1-681], three small fragments,including GP1△(aa 25-239), GPM(aa 250-520) and GP2△(aa 436-648), were expressed by prokaryotic cells and immunized into mice, and the serum specific antibodies were detected after different immunization time.The proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and the concentration of cytokines of immunized mice were also measured.Results ELISA test results showed that high humoral immunity of GP2△ was produced as the full-length GP group did, and was higher than that of GP1△ and GPM (P<0.05).GP2△ immunization groups exhibited a higher SI value in mouse splenic lymphocytes stimulated by ConA than the mixed GP immunization groups did(P<0.05), but the effect was the opposite when mouse splenic lymphocytes were stimulated by the mixed GP.In addition, the amount of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ of mouse splenic lymphocytes in the GP2△ group was larger than that of the saline group (P<0.05), but smaller than that of the mixed GP group.Conclusion The fragment GP2△ can induce not only the high humoral immunity as GP does,but also moderate cellular immunity, which can be used for vaccine design.

Objective To clone a new conotoxin Bt14.10 from Conus betulinus derived from the South China Sea, synthesize the peptide , and to determine linkage of its disulfide bridges .Methods The genomic DNA was extracted from C.betulinus venom duct while the Bt14.10 sequence was cloned using primers designed based on the untranslated region and intron.The peptide was then synthesized using solid-phase method and folded into the target product whose disulfide bridge connection was further determined by two-step oxidative folding .Results A novel conotoxin designated as Bt 14.10 (CAHSVPGMHPCKCNNTC-NH2) was obtained,the disulfide connectivity of which was C1-C3,C2-C4.Conclusion Bt14.10 is a new A-superfamily conotoxin and has a distinct loop spacing pattern between cysteines in A-superfamily conotoxins.

Objective To discuss the risk factors and nursing intervention of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection in patients of traditional Chinese medicine hospital (TCM). Methods By investigating the patients admitted to Beijing Xuan Wu Hospital of Traditional Chinese medicine from June 2015 to June 2016, 756 patients of them who were confirmed with clinical diagnosis of infection and pathogen detection with positive, which were divided into MDRO group including 97cases and non-MDRO group including 659 cases, then the pathogens of MRDO infection species and distributionwere counted, and analyzed risk factors for infection. Results A total of 756 cases were detected positive strains 816 strains, including 611 strains of monitoring target strains, 116 strains of MRDO. The top three were methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aurous 30.17%(35/116), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18.97% (22/116) and Klebsiella pneumonia 18.10% (21/116). Single factor analysis results showed that the patients' age, hospitalization days, the history of other hospital admission, invasive procedure, basic chronic disease (diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, lung disease) and combined use of antibiotics were MDRO infection risk factors (χ2=9.470-198.609, P < 0.01); multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors of MDRO infection were the history of other hospital admission (OR=2.085, 95%CI1.040-4.179), invasive procedure (OR=3.063,95% CI1.526- 6.150), diabetes (OR=2.037,95% CI1.070- 3.877), cerebrovascular disease (OR=4.349,95%CI 2.035-9.293)and combined use of antibiotics (OR=18.723,95% CI9.202-38.094). Conclusions Patients of TCM have many characteristics, such as with more basic diseases, longer length of stay, elder and so on. So we should be alert to the risk of MDRO infection and take nursing interventions to prevent and strengthen the isolation prevention.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the anti-inflammation,analgesia effects of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different leaf shapes(dahua leaf,xiaohua leaf)from different producing areas(Jiangyou,Butuo). METHODS:Animals were randomly divided into blank group(distilled water),positive group,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Ji-angyou,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo(with dose of 5 g/kg,calculated by crude drug). The an-ti-inflammation effect of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different variety sources and leaf shapes was investigated by xylene-induced ear swelling test (n=12) in mice and egg white-induced toe swelling test (n=10) in rats (positive drug was Dexamethasone acetate tablet,0.005 g/kg). And its analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing body reaction test(n=12)and hot-plate-induced pain test(n=12)in mice(positive drug was Morphine hydrochloride tablet,0.0025 g/kg). RE-SULTS:The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo and xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou can significantly reduce the ear swelling degree(P<0.01). The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua leaf from Jiangy-ou and Butuo can significantly decrease the toe swelling degree after 6 h of medication(P<0.05). And decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo can significantly reduce the number of writhing body in mice with acetic acid-in-duced pain and prolong the pain threshold of mice with hot-plate-induced pain (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Aconiti lateralis with dahua and xiaohua leaf from Butuo and with xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou show better anti-inflammation effect,and Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo shows better analgesic effect.

Objective To investigate expression and promoter methylation status of BRCA1 in sporadic breast cancer .Meth-ods The expression of BRCA1 mRNA and protein were detected in 60 cases of sporadic breast cancer ,the adjacent breast tissues , and 30 cases of breast benign lesion tissue by RT-PCR and and immunohistochemical staining respectively .The methylation status of BRCA1 promoter in those tissues were detected using bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR (BSP) combined with TA clone for se-quencing .The relation between BRCA1 expression in sporadic breast cancer and promoter methylation status was analyzed .Results The expression level of BRCA1 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in sporadic breast cancer tissues compared to the corre-sponding adjacent breast tissues and breast benign lesion tissue(P<0 .001) .The positive rates of BRCA1 protein was 51 .7% (31/60)in sporadic breast tissue ,which were significantly lower than those of in the adjacent breast tissues 71 .7% (43/60)and breast benign lesion tissue 66 .7% (20/30)(P< 0 .001) .The methylation rate of BRCA1 promoter CpG was 31 .7% (19/60)in sporadic breast ,while it wasn′t found in adjacent breast tissues and breast benign lesion tissue(P=0 .000) .The statistical analysis showed the expression of BRCA1 had significant negative correlation with promoter methylation(r= -0 .345 ,P=0 .007) .Conclusion The hypermethylation of BRCA1 promoter could induce BRCA1 down-regulating ,which may be involved in the occurrence and develop-ment of sporadic breast cancer .

Objective To evaluate the effect of different tube voltages on the radiation dose and image quality of a full field digital mammography system.Methods Both experiments were performed under manual exposure mode.In one experiment,the tube voltages were kept constant at 25,28 and 31 kVp,and the CIRS 015 phantom was exposed at three target/filter combinations molybdenum/molybdenum (Mo/Mo),molybdenum/rhodium (Mo/Rh),and rhodium/rhodium (Rh/Rh) and at tube current-exposure time products of 32-140mAs.The entrance skin exposure (ESE) and average glandular dose (AGD) were recorded,the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM) were measured to evaluate the influences of different tube voltages on dose and image quality at same target/filter combination.The univariate of randomized completed block-design was used for statistics.In second experiment,the phantom were exposed using Mo/Rh combination when the tube current-exposure time product was kept constant at 56 mAs,and the tube voltage varied between 23 and 33 kVp in 1-kVp increments.The ESE and AGD were recorded,the SNR,CNR and FOM were measured for plotting the curves against tube voltages.Results At Mo/Mo combination,the AGD,ESE,SNR,CNR and FOM of 25,28 and31 kVp were(1.25 ±0.56) mGy,(6.46±2.86) mGy,71.52±8.37,1.91 ±0.26,3.21 ± 0.68; (1.94 ±0.85) mGy,(9.18±4.07) mGy,144.46 ± 11.31,2.41 ±0.28,3.37 ±0.96 and (3.01 ±1.38) mGy,(12.60±5.59) mGy,128.89 ±15.29,2.47 ±0.31,2.31 ±0.76 respectively; at Mo/Rh combination were (1.23 ±0.55) mGy,(5.26 ±2.33) mGy,67.31 ±4.11,1.82 ±0.19,3.01 ± 0.82; (1.86 ±0.84) mGy,(7.57 ±3.34) mGy,139.54 ± 12.16,2.30 ±0.25,3.23 ±0.92 and (2.81 ±1.24) mGy,(10.48 ±4.62) mGy,127.77 ±15.14,2.59 ±0.31,2.67 ±0.68; and at Rh/Rh were(1.09 ±0.48) mGy,(4.89 ±2.16) mGy,67.46 ±2.23,1.48 ±0.72,3.08 ± 1.69; (1.75 ± 0.78) mGy,(6.88 ±3.03) mGy,137.74 ± 14.65,2.37 ±0.26,3.62 ± 1.07 and (2.59 ± 1.13) mGy,(9.32 ± 4.12) mGy,117.91 ± 19.05,2.51 ± 0.31,2.74 ± 0.84.Both experiments indicated that,for a given target/filter combination,the AGD,ESE and CNR increased,but the ESE/AGD decreased with the tube voltage increasing; The first experiment indicated both SNR and FOM of 28 kVp were higher than that of 25 kVp and 31 kVp; the second experiment showed both SNR and FOM decreased with tube voltages increasing.The differences of AGD、ESE、ESE/AGD、SNR、CNR and FOM among the three tube voltages were significant (F =4.391-528.848,P ＜ 0.05) ; but the difference of CNR between 28 and 31 kVp at Mo/Mo and Rh/Rh had no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05) ; and the differences of FOM between 25 and 28 kVp at the three target/filter combinations were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion For a breast with 4.2 cm thickness and 50％ adipose 50％ glandular composition,different tube voltages have significant effects on the radiation dose and image quality.