Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Adolescent ; Humans ; Scoliosis ; etiology ; genetics

Humans ; Kyphosis ; complications ; surgery ; Osteotomy ; methods ; Scoliosis ; complications ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Objective] To discuss the treatment of blood stasis in chronic nephrosis. [Method] With deep study on Tang Rongchuang ’s“four methods for blood diseases”, by combining with author’s clinical practice, it studies the application of it in stasis of chronic nephrosis. [Result] Blood stasis is one of basic pathogenesis and syndromes;hemostasis is the first method for bleeding, paying attention to micro-differentiation of signs of stasis, avoiding the later troubles by removing stasis to activate blood circulation, pointing to the causa morbi, tranquilizing blood to prevent over-active blood, finally tonifying blood to support the essence for good result. [Conclusion] The blood stasis runs through the chronic nephrosis; to smartly apply the “four methods for blood diseases”can be the aim of the simultaneous treatment of principal and subordinate symptoms and radically reforming, worth clinical application.

The author analyzed the peculiarity of bioethics from standardability , rationality , practicability/ap-plicability , evidence/experience , secularity these five five aspects .Based on this , how to understand bioethics was alsodiscussed in this paper from the viewpoints of right path of bioethics , de -ethics trend and building culture brand.

FU Shan, the famous doctor of Qing dynasty, had features in diagnosing and treating vomiting. His therapeutic experiences were recorded in his book Fuqingzhu Nvke. From his book we can see that he is treating vomiting basically from kidney and heart, associated by regulating the functions of spleen and stomach, calming the liver and harmonizing somach, and supplementing qi and blood.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of vinblastine(VBL)on the proliferation and nitric oxide(NO)secretion of RAW264.7 cells. METHODS:MTT and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the inhibition effect of VBL on the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and blockade effect of VBL on cell cycle distribution,respectively. The change of protein expression of cyclin B1 was detected by Western blot method. Griess kit was adopted to test the effect of VBL on LPS- induced NO secretion of cell. RESULTS:VBL can inhibit the proliferation and NO secretion of RAW264.7 cells,arrest cells in G2～M phase and reduce the levels of cyclin B1 in a concentration- dependent manner(P

Objective To study the preventive effect of high-dose immuno-chemotherapy on the recurrence and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma(RCC). Methods Overall 18 patients with RCC(13 men and 5 women;mean age,56 years,range,37 to 78 years) underwent radical nephrectomy.These cases were assigned to 2 groups.①Immuno-chemotherapy group included 13 cases (10 men and 3 women),whose tumor stages were T 1 (1 case),T 2 (8) and T 3(4).They were treated with high-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2(IL-2) in combination with interferon-?(IFN-?) and venous infusion 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu) 10 days after operation.②Control group included 5 cases (3 men and 2 women),whose tumor stages were T 1(1 case),T 2(3),T 3(1).They didn’t receive immuno-chemotherapy.The immuno-chemotherapeutic courses consisted of IL-2 (8?10 6 U,3 times/w,weeks 1 and 4;4?10 6 U,3 times/w,weeks 2 and 3);IFN-? 6?10 6 U,3 times/w,weeks 2,3,6 and 7;9?10 6 U,3 times/w,weeks 5 and 8);and 5-Fu (1000 to 1250 mg,once a week,weeks 5 to 8).Such therapeutic cycle could be repeated at 3-month intervals.Follow-up was conducted with hemogram,hepatic and renal function,ultrasonography of liver and kidney,chest X-ray every month after treatment.Long-term outcomes for these patients were analyzed. Results Follow-up of 60 to 87 months was carried out after 1 to 4 therapeutic cycles(mean,1.9 cycles) in the 13 cases of immuno-chemotherapy.Of them,12 cases experienced cancer-free survival.Only 1 case had metastasis in thigh bone 43 months after operation.No severe side effects occurred.5 cases in control group were found with metastasis in 3 to 14 months after operation.The mean survival of control group was 12.8 months (range,6 to 21 months). Conclusions Immuno-chemotherapy with high-dose subcutaneous IL-2 in combination with IFN-? and venous infusion of 5-Fu is safe and effective in prevention of the recurrence and metastasis of RCC.

Objective To make a further understanding of gastroesophageal reflux(GER) by analyzing its clinical and imagingmanifestations.Methods The clinical data and X-ray findings of 132 cases of GER were retrospectively analyzed.Barium mealexamination in erect position were performed in 132 patients with GER,of them esophageal dynamic radiography(EDR) was also carried out in 35.The cases were classified with X-ray typing(0-Ⅴ grade).Results According to the heights reached by the refluxes in the esophagus,GER were divided into Grade Ⅰ(29/132,22%),Grade Ⅱ(58/132,44%),Grade Ⅲ(21/132,16%),Grade Ⅳ(15/132,11%),Grade Ⅴ(9/132,7%).There were 102 cases with vomitting,27 cases with esophagitis,9 cases with hiatal hernia,1 case with hypertrophic stenosis of pylorus,6 cases with gastritis or inflammation of the duodenal bulb and 22 cases with stomach empty slowly.Conclusion Barium meal examination and EDR is simple,and easily accepted by children.It can directly discover GER.The results indicate that barium meal X-ray examination is of considerable importance in diagnosing GER of children.The gastrointestinal barium meal series and EDR should be selected to the patients with clinically suspected gastroesophageal reflux in children.