Plerocercoid should not be confused with Sparganum.The scolex of plerocercoid has a bothrium or bothrial slit but there is no true scolex in sparganum.Plerocercoid is a developmental stage of an animal tapeworm,Genus Spirometra.Sparganum is another generic name of a pseudophyllidean cestode.Plerocercoid causes benign plerocercoidosis and sparganum causes "malignant sparganosis".Plerocercoidosis is a parasitic zoonosis which can be food-borne,water-borne,contact-borne or mother-borne.During the past 20 years,there has been significant progress in studies of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis,especially the former.Spirometra erinacei-europiea plerocercoidosis and sparganosis pro-lifera distributed mainly in East Asia.Spirometra mansonoides plerocercoidosis has been reported from the USA.Up to the present,approximately 1 400 cases of plerocercoidosis were reported from China,Japan,Korea,USA and Thailand,and at least 16 well-documented cases of human proliferating sparganosis were reported worldwide(in Japan,China,Thailand,USA,Paraguay,Venezuela,and the Philippines).The life cycle of Sparganum is unknown.For plerocercoid,human being acts as a dead-end hosts,copepod and frogs serve as intermediate hosts,and snakes and carnivorous animals are its paratenic hosts.This review summarizes the research progresss on aetiology and pathogenesis of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.The second part(in press) will be concentrated on their pathology,clinical manifesta-tions,diagnosis,treatment,epidemiology,control and prevention.

This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathol-ogy, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Humans ; Kyphosis ; complications ; surgery ; Osteotomy ; methods ; Scoliosis ; complications ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To explore the effective treatment for dry eye syndrome. MethodsIn the retrospective analysis of 90 patients with clinical symptoms of dry eye,all patients were treated with artificial tear,and 28 patients were treated with inferior lacrimal point embolism. ResultsAfter artificial tear treatment,the clinical symptoms of most patients were improved in 79 cases(87.8%).After combination of inferior lacrimal point embolism,the majority of symptoms were improved in 83 cases(92.2%).However,even after combination of inferior lacrimal point embolism,there were still a few patients without any improvement(7 cases,7.8%). ConclusionArtificial tear was an effective treatment for dry eye syndrome.While for the patients who could not get ideal effect with artificial tear alone,artificial tear combined with inferior lacrimal point embolism is an effective treatment.

Objective To explore the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy on stroke patients with therapeutic implications,in order to further improve the patients with acute cerebral vascular disease and provide scientific basis for treatment of.Methods The hospital admissions in patients with stroke were randomly selected a total of 104 cases as the object of study,in which 48 patients received combined treatment of TCM and Western medicine treatment,another 56 patients received conventional treatment.Results The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group after treated with NIHSS scores than in the conventional group decreased more obviously.The treatment group before treatment and after treatment of the various stages of NIHSS score had significant difference (all P ＜ 0.01) ; integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group and routine treatment group after treated with 90d Barthel index difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group treatment effect was better than the conventional group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy has affected stroke patients with postoperative quality of life.It can enable the patient to improve neurological function recovery,life skills,improve the quality of life.

Development appraisal of teachers is different from summative appraisal.It pays attention to teachers' initiative while improving the quality of education.It fits to the improvement of students' learning effect in some aspects,such as people-centered concept,reflective thinking,improving teaching effect and making good atmosphere and so on.We should increase research in and propaganda for development appraisal of teachers,including making theoretical innovation,updating and enriching contents,being scientific and operable in form,establishing and consummating the mechanism.

FU Shan, the famous doctor of Qing dynasty, had features in diagnosing and treating vomiting. His therapeutic experiences were recorded in his book Fuqingzhu Nvke. From his book we can see that he is treating vomiting basically from kidney and heart, associated by regulating the functions of spleen and stomach, calming the liver and harmonizing somach, and supplementing qi and blood.

Psychological adjustment is helpful in students' professional preparation.Psychological adjustment is needed much more in medical education because of the professional particularity.According to the questionnaires of Shantou University Medical College,the situation of the medical students' psychological adjustment was summarized:They had professional identity but thought doctors' social status was not as good as before; Most worried about the employment and expressed their opinion of overcoming this warry by working hard.So medical colleges should train students' correct professional attitudes,make a full strategy to improve their psychological adjustment,and at the same time make use of the school organization by improving teachers' quality.

microRNAs ( miRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding small molecular RNAs , which regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play vital roles in cell development , proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis and other biological behavior.Changes in miRNA expression profiles have been observed in gastric cancer in recent studies.Further studies demonstrated that miRNAs were closely related to the carcinogenesis , development and metastasis of gastric cancer , which suggested miRNAs have broad prospective application in diagnosis and therapy of gastric carcinoma as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.