Objective To investigate primary anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis in Chongqing area.Methods Clinical data of 119 patients with AIDS and tuberculosis were retrospectively collected.Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance rates were analyzed according to drug susceptibility testing, and their correlations with CD4+ T lymphocytes counts, initially treatment or retreatment and clinical forms of tuberculosis were also analyzed.Comparison between groups was analyzed by x2 test.Results Thirty-eight patients (31.9%) showed anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among the 119 patients with completed results of drug susceptibility testing results.The percentages of mono-resistance, poly-resistance, multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR) were 11.7%, 7.6%, 6.7% and 5.9%, respectively.The resistance rate of isoniazid (22.7%, 28/119) was the highest among first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and that of pasiniazide (11.0%, 14/119) was the highest among second-line drugs.Drug resistance rates among patients with different levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes counts did not differ significantly (the cut-off of CD4+ T lymphocytes count was 50/μL: x2=0.545, P=0.461;cut-off value was 100/μL: x2=0.652, P=0.420).Patents with milliary pulmonary tuberculosis had a significantly higher drug resistance rate (64.0%) than those with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (27.6%).Conclusions The prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance prior to anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation is high among AIDS patients with tuberculosis in Chongqing area.Patients with milliary pulmonary tuberculosis tend to have higher anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, but drug resistance does not appear to correlate with CD4+ T lymphocytes counts.

Immunotherapy has become a common means of cancer treatment. In immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have significant efficacy. Cancer and various opportunistic infections are common complications in patients with AIDS. Owing to the special immune situation of these patients, AIDS is regarded as an exclusion standard in most clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy, conferring immunotherapy difficulty in treating patients with AIDS. The popularity of effective antiretroviral drugs has prolonged the lifetime of people with AIDS. Therefore, exploiting the opportunity of using immunotherapy in AIDS with cancer is urgent.

OBJECTIVETo examine the HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, in order to provide scientific basis for assessment on HIV prevention programs.

METHODSSurveillance projects on HIV infection status and risk factors were carried out among MSM in six prefectural PRD cities, based on the national sentinel surveillance program among MSM.

RESULTSA total of 8 770 MSM were recruited in the six PRD prefectural cities from 2009 to 2013. The overall prevalence rates of HIV among MSM during 2009 and 2013 were 4.7% , 9.7% , 10.6% , 12.9% and 11.4% , respectively, appeared an increasing trend. HIV related high-risk behaviors were commonly seen among MSM. The proportion of consistent condom use during anal sex in the last six months was 46.3%. Associated risk factors for HIV infection among MSM would include older age, being non-permenant residents, inconsistent condom use, history of having had sexually transmitted diseases and without having received intervention services in the last year.

CONCLUSIONHigh-risk behaviors were popular in the MSM population that causing the HIV transmission to expand among the MSM population in the major region of PRD. It seemed necessary to reinforce the publicity and education programs as well as effective behavior intervening measures among the MSM group.

HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior ; psychology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases