ABSTRACT:Norovirus infection in human and animals can cause acute viral gastroenteritis .With molecular biology ,cell culture and animal models of development ,the different groups of norovirus genome sequenced ,the virus capsid protein ex‐pressed in vitro in eukaryotic ,prokaryotic and plant systems ,and thus the characteristics of the virus with some new under‐standing and perspective .Recently ,an increasing number of studies were focused on the norovirus and related topics along with the research progress all around the world .Here we systematically expound the latest advances in norovirus research from dif‐ferent aspects ,such as genome structure and function ,cell culture ,tissue tropism ,epidemiology ,virus infection mechanism , detection methods and vaccine development .Furthermore ,different viewpoints for norovirus molecular evolution ,detection technology and transmission route will be discussed as well .

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the current situation and trend of clinical application of calcium channel blockers METHODS:The kinds and sum of money of calcium channel blockers,consumed in our hospital during the period 1999～2001,were collected and the prospects of clinical application of the drugs were analyzed with consulting the relevant literature RESULTS:The consumption of calcium channel blockers remained stable during the period 1999～2001,and the most commonly-used drugs were dihydrocollidines Domestic and joint ventrue products held a leading post in clinical application CONCLUSION:Sustained and controlled release preparations of calcium channel blockers have broad prospects in clinical application

0.05). Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity significantly decreased in the injured liver BMSCs group (P

Objective: To observe changes of variation of red blood cell distribution width-coefficient (RDW-CV), levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 in patients with essential hypertension (EH) of different risk stratification.Methods: A total of 105 EH patients treated in our department from Oct 2015 to Sep 2016 were regarded as EH group.According to hypertension risk stratification, they were divided into low risk group (n=34), medium risk group (n=38) and high-and extremely high risk group (n=33).Another 105 subjects with corresponding age and gender were selected as healthy control group during the same period.RDW-CV, serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured and compared among all groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze relationship among above indexes and hypertension.Results: Compared with healthy control group, there were significant rise in RDW-CV [(12.57±1.46) vs.(14.54±1.82)], serum levels of MMP-2 [(121.71±18.86)ng/ml vs.(155.43±40.81)ng/ml], MMP-9 [(109.72±21.80)ng/ml vs.(191.23±53.05)ng/ml] and TIMP-1 [(59.42±9.41)ng/ml vs.(83.64±15.82)ng/ml] in EH group, P<0.05 or <0.01.Compared with low risk group, there were significant rise in RDW-CV [(13.35±1.54) vs.(14.43±1.17) vs.(15.90±1.81)], serum levels of MMP-2 [(131.21±35.24) ng/ml vs.(152.16±33.15)ng/ml vs.(184.16±37.14)ng/ml], MMP-9 [(163.95±38.61) ng/ml vs.(198.70±43.52)ng/ml vs.(232.83±54.12)ng/ml] and TIMP-1 [(73.15±13.12)ng/ml vs.(83.78±10.22) ng/ml vs.(94.27±16.77)ng/ml] in medium risk group, high-and extremely high risk group, and those of high-and extremely high risk group were significantly higher than those of medium risk group, P<0.05 or <0.01.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that RDW-CV, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were independent risk factors for hypertension (OR=2.248~2.725, P<0.05 or <0.01).Conclusion: RDW-CV,MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are independent risk factors for hypertension, active monitoring and intervention should be given for these risk factors.

Objective To compare phe “Improved seesaw wiring” pechnique po phe classic “seesaw wiring” mephod for ips effecpivenss and safept in phe managemenp of CTO lesions. Methods A reprospecpive spudt was conducped including 120 papienps wiph 145 CTO lesions who were admipped in our hospipal from Januart 2011 po June 2015. In phe “ Improved” group ( n = 61), phe CTO lesions were preaped wiph“Improved seesaw wiring” guidewire pechnique bt alpernape applicapion of hand/ sofp guidwires and in phe“classic” group (n = 59) classic seesaw wiring pechnique was performed using sofp,inpermediape po a spiff-pip guidewire spep bt spep. Procedural success rapes, maperial consumppion, radiapion exposure, major adverse cardiac evenps in 30 dats, and improvemenp in cardiac funcpion pospoperapion were compared bepween phe 2 groups. Results The procedural success rapes bt firsp appempp was 93. 4% in phe ″Improved″ group and 77. 9% in phe “ Classic ” group and phe overall procedural success rapes were 95. 1% and 96. 6%respecpivelt. Guidewire consumppion [(3. 0 (2. 0, 4. 0) guidewires vs. 5. 0 (3. 0, 7. 0) guiderwires], X-rat exposure [(110 ± 65)min vs. (175 ± 73)min], conprasp media used [(210 ± 137)ml vs. (305 ± 148) ml] were all fewer or less in phe “Improved group” (all P < 0. 05). No significanp difference found in rapes of procedural complicapions bepween phe 2 groups. MACE rapes were lower in phe “ Improved” pechnique group (16. 4% vs. 30. 5% , P = 0. 045). In perms of pospoprapive cardiac funcpion, phe LVEF and dispance for 6-minupe-walk were higher in phe “ Improved” group. Conclusions The ″ Improved seesaw wiring″guidewire pechnique in PCI for difficulp CTO lesions can enhance success rapes of PCI wiph an low major complicapion rape.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of serum cardiac troponin T(cTnT) as a marker of cardiovascular events and hemodialysis (HD) adequacy in maintainence hemodialysis (MHD) patients.Methods Forty-seven cases of MHD patients were randomly divided into two groups (group A and group B).Group A received intermittent HD 4 h thrice one week,and group B received intermittent HD 4 h twice one week plus high-flux hemodiafiltration(HDF) 4 h once one week.Serum examination for blood biochemical indicator,cTnT and echocardiogram was performed every three months and at the time of recruitment.All the patients were followed up until the occurrence of death or cardiovascular events.Results After 3 months treatment,serum cTnT deceased significantly in group B compared with group A,and maintained the lower levels throughout the follow-up.E/A and LVEF had been reduced since 3 months treatment in group A,but stable in group B,E/A was lower in group A after 18 months treatment than that in group B,LVEF was lower in group A after 12 months treatment than that in group B.There were positive correlations between cTnT and E/A or LVEF in 42 cases who accomplished the follow-up of 12 months (r =0.54,0.66,P ＜0.05).Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients with cTnT≥0.1μ g/L was higher than that with cTnT ＜0.1 μg/L in (28.5 ± 9.7) months' follow- up (Log-rank test: P =0.02).Both survival analysis and Cox analysis indicated that serum cTnT was a predictor of cardiovascular events in MHD patients.Conclusions Serum level of cTnT can be used as a marker of HD adequacy,and it is a predictor of cardiac events in MHD patients.Regular high-flux HDF increases the adequacy of HD treatment and improves the quality of life in MHD patients.

Objective To investigate the correlation between cytochrome P450(CYP) 2C19 gene polymorphism with major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) after PCI in the patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods A total of 233 patients with CHD undergoing PCI in the cardiology department of our hospital from January 2014 to January 2015 were selected.All patients were given the standardized dual anti-platelet therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel.The occurrence situation of MACE within 1 year(unstable angina pectoris,cardiac death,in-stent restenosis,non-fatal myocardial infarction) was obtained by follow up.All patients were divided into the MACE group and non-MACE group.The PCR solubility curve was adopted to detect the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism.Results Among 233 cases of CHD,37 cases (15.88％) developed cardiovascular events and 196 cases (84.12 ％) did not develop vascular events;the age,sex,hypertension and diabetes mellitus had no statistical differences between the two groups(P＞0.05).The frequency of CYP2C19 * 1 in the included cases was 68.45％,which of CYP2C19 * 2 was 28.33％ and which of CYP2C19 * 3 was 3.22％.The extensive-metabolism,intermediate metabolism and slow metabolism types in the cardiovascular events group accounted for 5.41 ％,64.86 ％ and 29.73 ％ respectively,while which in the non event group were 59.69 ％,29.08％ and 11.22％ respectively,the CYP2C19 genotype distribution had statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that CYP2C19 intermediate metabolism type [OR 2.562,95％CI(2.825,7.350),P=0.021 0],slow metabolism type [OR 5.139,95％CI(1.289,5.232),P＜0.01],hypertension [OR 2.480,95 ％CI(1.079,5.698),P=0.032 4],smoking[OR 4.802,95％CI(1.082,18.371),P=0.029 0] were the independent risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular events in the patients with CHD.Conclusion CYP2C19 * 2 and CYP2C19 * 3 gene polymorphism are the independent risk factors for MACE occurrence after PCI in the patients with CHD.

Background Retninal neovascular diseases caused by hypoxia has become a major blinding disease,which is lack of effective chemical treatment currently,it's important to study the molecuar mechanism of the disease,so as to guide the clinical medication.Objective This study was to explore the effect of 15 (S)-hydroxyeicosate traenoic acid (15-HETE) on the proliferation of hypoxic retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMVECs) and its probable mechanism.Methods RMVECs were isolated from C57BL/6J mice and incubated and then identified with anti-Ⅷ factor antibody by immunochemistry and immunofluorescence.The cells were divided into the normoxia group and the hypoxia group.The hypoxia cell models were established by treated with 125 μmol/L CoCl2.The cells were cultured with serum-free DMEM containing endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS)and high glucose for 48 hours,and then different concentrations of 15-HETE (0.0,0.1,1.0,5.0 μmol/L) were added in the medium for 48 hours respectively to subgroup the groups.The proliferation of the cells (absorbance,A) was detected using MTT.The relative expression levels of protein and mRNA of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α),bcl-2 and caspase-3 were assayed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-RCR)and Western blot.Results The cells showed the positive response for anti-Ⅷ factor antibody with the positive rate of (94.38 ±4.25)％.No significant difference was found in the cell proliferation of various groups under the normoxia condition (F =0.283,P =0.837),but under the hypoxia condition,the proliferation values were significantly different among various groups (F =702.582,P＜0.001).The cell proliferation value in the 1.0 μmol/L 15-HETE group and 5.0 μmol/L 15-HETE group was lower than that of the simple hypoxia group respectively(both at P＜0.05).The inhibitory rates in the 0.1,1.0,5.0 μ mol/L 15-HETE groups were (1.09±0.31) ％,(21.09± 3.53) ％ and (49.86 ±4.15) ％,showing a dosedependent manner.No significant difference was seen in the expression levels of bcl-2,caspase-3 and HIF-1α mRNA in various groups under the normoxia conditions.However,compared with the simple normoxia group,the relative expressions of bcl-2 mRNA and HIF-1α mRNA in the cells were increased by 1.53 folds and 1.7 folds in the simple hypoxia group respectively,and caspasse-3 mRNA expression decreased by 70％ (all at P ＜ 0.05).Under the normoxia condition,the expression of bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 protein in the cells were not significantly different among the various groups (P＞0.05),however,the expressions of bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 proteins were elevated by 1.6 folds and 1.9 folds in the hypoxia group in compared with the normoxia group (P＜0.05).Compared with the simple hypoxia group,the expressions of bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3 were lowed by 40.4％ and 42.5％ in the 5.0 μmol/L 15-HETE group (P＜0.05).Conclusions 15-HETE inhibits the proliferation of RMVECs and therefore suppresses neovascularization by down-regulating the expressions of HIF-1α and bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To investigate the expression of paired box2(Pax2),proliferation cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and cell apoptosis in steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant groups with primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS) and to find out the action of Pax2 expression in PNS with steroid-resistance.Method The expressions of Pax2,PCNA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and cell apoptosis by fluorescence micoscope.Results Pax2 expression in renal tubule had a positive correlation with PCNA expression in steroid-sensitive group.In steroid-resistant group,Pax2 expression had no correlation with PCNA.Pax2 had a negative correlation with cell apoptosis.Conclusions Pax2 proper expression facilitate PCNA expression and repair tubulointerstitial lesions in steroid-sensitive group.Renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation coordinated with cell apoptosis.Pax2 overexpression in steroid-resistant group lead to the decrease of cell proliferation and cell apoptosis and lead to the severe tubule lesions,which made to glucocorticoid resistance.

Objective To detect the expression of SSX and to correlate it with clinical indicators of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods The expression of SSX1-5 mRNA and SSX1 protein were respectively detected by RT-PCR and Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining.The relation between the expression of SSX mRNA and SSX1 protein with clinical indicators were analysed.Results SSX1,SSX2,and SSX3 mRNA were expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines BEL-7404,Hep G2,and SMMC-7721.In 26 HCC samples,SSX1-SSX5 mRNA was detectable in 53.8％,42.3％,50.0％,46.2％ and 26.9％.The expression of SSX1 mRNA was not related to serum AFP levels (P ＞0.05).Specific expression was both found in the normal group and the high value group.The expression rate of SSX1 mRNA was 85.7％ in the older group,which was higher than in the younger group (16.7％,P ＜ 0.05).The expression rate of SSX1 protein was 50％ in HCC tissues,which was not seen in the caner-adjacent or cirrhosis tissues.In 49 HCC paraffin tissue section samples,the expression rate of SSX1 protein was higher than that in caner-adjacent tissues (46.9％ vs 18.4％,P ＜ 0.05).The expression rate of SSX1 protein was 68.3％ in the large hepatocellular carcinoma group,which was higher than in the small hepatocellular carcinoma group (29.6％),(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions SSX1 mRNA is expressed with a high percentage and specificity in HCC and their products are new potential promising targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy of HCC.The detection of SSX1 expression has the potential value for auxiliary diagnosis of HCC.