Objective To observe the effects of bulbar subconjunctival and periocular injection of dexamethasonone on blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetic mellitus (T1DM)rats.Methods 80 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Group Ⅰ (n-=-40) and Group Ⅱ (n =40).Group Ⅰ rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin to induce T1DM model,while Group Ⅱ rats received IP injection of citrate buffer solution and was the control group.Group Ⅰ rats and Group Ⅱ rats were further divided into four subgroups:A (n=10),a (n=10),B (n=10),and b (n=10).Subgroup-A rats received bulbar subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone,subgroup-a rats received bulbar subconjunctival injection of saline,subgroup-B rats received periocular injection of dexamethasone,subgroup-b rats received periocular injection of saline.After the injection,rats were fasted but could drink water.Tail vein blood samples were collected and the blood glucose level was measured by glucose monitor.Results After modeling,the blood glucose level of Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ rats was(9.31±1.79) mmol/L and (5.72±0.80) mmol/L respectively,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).The blood glucose level of Group Ⅰ rats reached the peak in 3h after injection.In 6-24 h after injection,the blood glucose level of Group Ⅰ A rats was obviously increased than that of the blood glucose level of Group Ⅰa rats and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).In 3-24 hours after injection,the blood glucose level of Group Ⅰ B rats was obviously increased than that of the blood glucose level of Group Ⅰ b rats and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Comparing the blood glucose level during different injection time between Group Ⅰ A rats and Group Ⅰ B rats,between Group Ⅰ a rats and Group Ⅰ b rats,the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).In 3-24 hours after injection,the blood glucose level of Group Ⅱ A rats was obviously increased than that of the blood glucose level of Group Ⅱ a rats and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05);the blood glucose level of Group Ⅱ B rats was obviously increased than that of the blood glucose level of Group Ⅱb rats and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Comparing the blood glucose level during different injection time between Group Ⅱ A rats and Group Ⅱ B rats,between Group Ⅱ a rats and Group Ⅱ b rats,the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Bulbar subconjunctival injection and periocular injection of dexamethasone could both increase the blood glucose of TIDM rats,but these two injection methods had no differences on the blood glucose level.

133 teeth in 34 children aged 4 to 8 year-old were recruited for the treatment of bilateral maxillary primary canines or primary molars with deep caries,chronic pulpitis or chronic periapical periodontitis under local anesthesia.Buccal infiltration(BI)with conventional syringe(CS)was used for one quadrant,anterior middle superior alveolar anesthesia(AMSA)with computer-controlled local anesthesia de-livery system(C-CLADS)on the contralateral side.The injection duration(s)of CS and C-CLADS was 63.6 ±22.6 and 136.6 ±12.4 re-spectively(P =0.000).The pain perception of C-CLADS injection was significantly lower than that of CS(P <0.05),that during operation was not statistically different(P >0.05).55.9% children preferred C-CLADS anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the UGT-isoform specific metabolic fingerprint (GSMF) of baicalein, and to determine and predict its glucuronidation behavior in liver microsomes by using isoform-specific metabolism rates and kinetics. METHODS: In vitro glucuronidation rates and profiles were measured using 12 kinds of expressed UGTs and human liver microsomes. RESULTS: GSMF experiments showed that UGT1A9 was the most active isoform for baicalein metabolism. Isoform-specific metabolism and a comparison of the kinetic parameters suggested that UGT1 A9 was likely the main isoform responsible for the liver metabolism of baicalein. Correlation study also clearly showed that UGT isoform-specific metabolism could describe the metabolism rates and profile of baicalein in human liver microsomes. CONCLUSION: Baicalein is metabolized mainly by UGT1A9.GSMF and isoform-specific metabolism profile of baicalein can determine and predict its glucuronidation rates and profile in human liver microsomes. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Objective: To observe the effect intraperitoneal injection of low dose ketamine on thermal hyperalgesia and expression of P2X4 receptor in spinal dorsal horn of rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve, and to explore the potential role of P2X4, receptor in the neuropathic pain. Methods: Totally 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8): group S (sham group), group C: CCI + normal saline; and group K:CCI+ketamine (10mg · kg-1). Rat CCI model was used in the latter 2 groups. Three days after operation the thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) was determined to confirm the thermal hyperalgesia. Rats in group K were given low dose of ketamine (10mg · kg-1) and those in group C were given the same volume of normal saline for 7 days after operation. Animals in group S only had sciatic nerve exposed, with no ligation or drugs. TWL was determined 1 day before and 1, 3, 7 days after the operation. The expression of P2X4 receptor was assessed 7 days after the operation using immunohistochemistry. Results: The TWL values were similar between the 3 groups before operation. The value in group S was slightly decreased after operation compared with before operation. Compared with the pre-operation, group S, and group C, the TWL value of group K began to gradually increase 3 days after operation till day 7 after operation (P<0.05). On day 7 after operation, the TWL value was significantly higher than group C (P<0.05), but was still lower than that in group S (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of P2X4 receptor in group C, K were significantly higher than that of group S (P<0.01) and the expression in group K was significantly lower than that in group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal injection of ketamine can partly relieve the thermal hyperalgesia in rats with CCI of sciatic nerve, which might be related to the inhibition of P2X4 receptor expression in the spinal dorsal horn.

The catalogue for regular college programs is the guide to offering specialties and academic degrees in medical colleges and universities.It serves as the orienting framework under which to develop human resources at the institution of higher learning.Thus,it is an important task concerning the overall reform and development of tertiary education to revise the catalogue for regular college programs.This paper discusses the adjustment of such kind of catalogs in terms of their special aspects and distinctive qualities of medical education with an attempt to draw the attention of more experts and scholars to this research direction in order to ensure a stable,scientific,and continuous development of the catalog for medical sciences.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogenic mosquito-borne flavivirus which is responsible for outbreaks of severe viral encephalitis. The cellular entry of JEV is a prerequisite for Japanese encephalitis, so the understanding of its underlying mechanisms will provide more approaches for treating such disease. In recent years, increasing research has been conducted to investigate the mechanisms of cellular entry of JEV, and the results of research on other flavivirus have expanded the research directions for JEV. More methods will be used to suppress JEV infection because of the development of E protein antibodies and the discovery of several inhibitors of the cellular entry process. This review will summarize the recent advances in the mechanisms of JEV cellular entry and membrane fusion.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; trends ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; genetics ; physiology ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; virology ; Humans ; Virus Internalization

Objective To establish a method to quantitatively assess melanosome transfer with incorporation of 14C-thiouracil (TU) into nascent melanin. Methods To characterize whether 14C-TU was exclusively incorporated into melanin-producing cells, the same number of mouse melan-a or SP-1 keratinocytes were labeled with 14C-TU for 12 hours and 48 hours, respectively, followed by the measurement of radioactivity. Mouse melan-a melanocytes were pre-labeled with 1 Ci/mL 14C-TU, and cocultured with mouse SP1 keratinocytes to develop an assay system for melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. Following co-culture, the keratinocytes with transferred radioactivity were separated from melanocytes at different time points via two times of differential trypsinization. Transferred radioactivity in keratinocytes, denoting the amount of melanosome transfer, was measured with liquid scintillation counting. Meanwhile, the effects of forskolin, a PKA activator, and nicotinamide on melanosome transfer were also investigated with this assay system.Results The incorporated radioactivity in melan-a cells was 66- or 80-fold as high as that in SP-1 cells,indicating that 14C-TU would be a suitable tracer for melanosome transfer in co-culture with keratinocytes. A purity of 84.5% was achieved for keratinocytes with transferred radioactivity by twice differential trypsinization.As shown by this assay, there was an approximately 0.67-fold decrease in melanosome transfer with the treatment of 1 g/L nicotinamide and 2.3-fold increase with 20μmol/L forskolin treatment. After coculture with SP1 cells for 8-12 hours, melan-a cells developed well-extending dendrites with detectable melanosome transfer, while no proliferation of melan-a cells induced by forskolin was seen. Conclusion An optimized protocol for selective incorporation of 14C-TU into nascent melanin has been successfully applied to the quantitative measurement of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes induced by forskolin or nicotinamide.

Objective　To explore the therapeutic effect of treatment of uterine leiomyoma with different dosages of mifepristone and the effects of mifepristone on sex hormones.Methods　The patients of uterine leiomyoma were divided into two groups,group A included 45 patients who were mifepristone orally given neoplasma,25mg per day for 3～6 months,group B included 30 patients who took mifepristone 12.5mg per day for 3～6 months.The size of uterus and uterine leicomyoma were detected with type B sonarography and serum sex hormones level were tested with radioimmunoassay before the treatment.Results　Amenorrhea was found during the treatment of two groups and after tree months' the symptoms were improved,the size of uterine leiomyoma in group A was meanly decreased by 52.56% and 61.69% respectively,after six months' treatment;The size of uterine leiomyoma in group B was averagely decreased by 48.61% after three months' treatment and by 52.12% after six months' treatment.There was no significant difference between A and B group after three months' treatment(P＞0.05),But there was significant difference between the two groups after six months' treatment and it dependent on the time of the treatment.Contents of serum estradiol and progestagen of the two groups were droped dwon significantly after treatment(P＜0.01).Conclusions　Mifepristone applied to treat the uterine leiomyoma have definitve therapeutic effect,and less side effects.Therefore,mifepristone provides a new avenue to treat uterine leiomyoma and suggesting its best dosage is 25mg every day.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Tai Ji Quan (TJQ) training on strength and function of lower limbs in the aged.

METHODSSixty senile subjects were recruited and assigned to the TJQ group and the control group (imparting health knowledge)by random digit table. Patients in the TJQ group received 24-style TJQ training for 18 months (60 min each time, 5 times per week), while those in the control group were imparted with sarcopenia related causes, pathogeneses, prevention and control measures. The maximum isometric strength of bilateral iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior muscle, hamstrings; the time for 5 sitting-up tests and Time Up and Go Test (TUGT), one-leg standing time with closed eyes test; and the score of Berg balance scale were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSCompared with before treatment, muscle strength increased in the TJQ group with an average increased capacity (rate) as follows, bilateral iliopsoas 5.5 kg (16.9%), quadriceps femoris 5.5 kg (26.2%), and tibialis anterior muscle 8.5 kg (36.2%) (all P < 0.05). The time for TUGT and 5 sitting-up tests was shortened by 1.3 s (16.7%) and 0.9 s (14.5%) respectively in the TJQ group. The time for one-leg standing time with closed eyes test was increased by 8.4 s (left) and 9.1 s (right) respectively. The score of Berg balance scale increased by 4.3% (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, bilateral quadriceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscle strength increased significantly (P < 0.01); the time for TUGT and 5 sitting-up tests, the time for one-leg standing time with closed eyes test, scores of Berg balance scale were all improved in the TJQ group after intervention (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTJQ training could improve strength of iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior muscle in the aged, elevate their balance and locomotor activities, and possibly prevent and treat sarcopenia.

Objective To compare the emergence characteristics between propofol total intrave-nous anesthesia (TIVA)and sevoflurane induction and maintenance anesthesia (VIMA)under the guidance of Narcotrend,and to see if the recovery of consciousness after different anesthesia regimen will be of identical Narcotrend index (NTI).Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients undergoing elective transsphenoid pituitary tumor resection were randomized to receive deep anaesthesia (D)or light anaesthsia (L)with propofol (P)/remifentail (group PD and group PL)or sevoflurane (S)/remifentanil (group SD and group SL).During surgery,anesthesia was maintained at a depth of NTI at 46-37 or 56-47 for deep or light anesthesia respectively.After surgery,group comparisons of the NTI at extubation,recovery time,and the time interval between NTI 80 and extubation (Tdelay )were performed by analysis of variance.Results The NTI at consciousness was significantly lower in group PD (84.2±2.7)and PL(84.9±2.5)compared with group SD (88.6 ±3.4)and group SL (89.9 ± 3.3)(P < 0.05 ).The Tdelay was significantly longer in group SD (9.4 ± 4.6 )min compared with group SL (4.7±2.4)min (P <0.05),but there was no difference between group PD and group PL. Compared with other groups,the recovery time was longer in group SD (P <0.05).Conclusion The results indicate that the NTI values at recovery of consciousness are not identical between patients re-ceived proposfol or sevoflurane anesthesia.