In order to solve some limitations and difficulties in guiding the practical work of determination and classification of the areas of high water iodine and the endemic areas of iodine excess goiter (GB/T 19380-2003),we carried out the revision on the original standard from 5 aspects such as the name,normative reference file,the definition and the technical indicators of classification of high iodine areas and the endemic areas of iodine excess goiter,such as sampling method in appendix and so on,and worked out the standard of definition and demarcation of water-borne iodine-excess areas and iodine-excess endemic areas.Enforcement of the new standard will bring important social benefits.

Objective To study the thyroid volume(TV) of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and the iodine intake and the factors associated with the goiter of patients with AITD.Methods Questionnaires,physical examination,urinary iodine concentration and thyroid B ultrasound were performed in cases of newly diagnosed patients with AITD.Result The TV of patients with AITD did not associated with the urinary iodine concentration (P ＞ 0.05).The TV associated with patients gender and age and goiter of palpation (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The U-shape relation did not show between iodine and goiter in patients with AITD.The goiter of patients with AITD did not associated with the iodine intake.

Objective Toinvestigate iodine nutrition,thyroid volume and function of children and women in high water iodine areas,and to discuss the cut-off point of water iodine level where should be defined as iodine excessive areas.Methods In iodine excessive townships in Xiaodian and Qingxu Counties of Taiyuan City,all villages were divided to 4 groups according to the concentration of iodine in drinking water:50 ～ ＜ 100 μg/L (Group A),100 ～ ＜ 150 μg/L(Group B),150 ～ ＜ 300 μg/L(Group C) and ≥300 μg/L(Group D),and 2-3 villages were randomly selected from each group as investigation sites.Two hundred children aged 8-10 and 60 women (20 pregnant women,20 breasffeeding women and 20 women of childbearing age,respectively) were sampled.Drinking water,edible salt and once random urine samples for each studying object were collected,and the iodine content was measured.The goiter volume of children aged 8-10 and triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of women were determined.Results Totally 708 children and 236 women were selected as respondents who ate non-iodized salt.Iodine content in drinking water of children in groups A,B,C and D was 73.8,144.7,258.5 and 501.0 μg/L,respectively,and that of women was 73.8,144.7,242.7 and 485.9 μg/L,respectively.Median urinary iodine of children in groups A,B,C and D was 274.3,312.8,455.6 and 793.5 μg/L,respectively,and that of women was 238.3,235.2,371.6 and 641.6 μg/L,respectively.The median urinary iodine of children and women increased with increasing water content of iodine.The goiter rate of children was 5.6％ (11/196),13.2％ (25/189),12.6％ (20/158) and 10.9％ (18/165) for each group,respectively,which also increased with increasing water content of iodine.In groups A,C and D,the FT3 and FT4 levels[pmol/L:(3.70 ± 0.59),(14.01 ± 2.44); (3.43 ± 0.57),(12.87 ± 2.12); (3.42 ± 0.47),(12.66 ±1.78)] in pregnant woman were lower than those in breasffeeding women[pmol/L:(4.26 ± ±0.57),(14.73 ± 2.36;(4.28 ± 0.40),(14.77 ± 1.19); (4.36 ± 0.65),(15.66 ± 2.84)] and women of childbearing age[pmol/L:(4.80 ±0.50),(17.47 ± 2.11); (4.21 ± 0.48),(15.83 ± 1.64); (4.26 ± 0.52),(15.53 ± 1.81)].With increasing water content of iodine,FT4 level was decreasing and TSH level was increasing gradually in women.Conclusions When water iodine exceeds 100 μg/L,goiter rate of children has increased significantly.Iodine excessive women and children have appeared one after another with increasing water content of iodine.Women incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism risk has increased with increasing water content of iodine,and the detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism is significantly higher when water iodine is higher than 300 μg/L.The cut-off point of iodine excessive areas should be descend from 150 μg/L to 100 μg/L.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Shanxi Province, and to provide basis for guiding pregnant women to supplement iodine scientifically.Methods:From 2016 to 2018, 40, 80 and 118 counties were selected in Shanxi Province. In each county, 5 townships were selected according to the east, west, south, north and middle orientation, 20 pregnant women were selected from each township. Urine and salt samples of pregnant women were collected, and urinary iodine and salt iodine contents were determined, respectively.Results:From 2016 to 2018, 3 590, 7 907, and 11 750 salt samples were collected from pregnant women's homes. The medians salt iodine were 23.80, 23.70, 23.25 mg/kg, and the qualified iodized salt consumption rates were 91.06% (3 269/3 590), 90.06% (7 121/7 907), 92.21% (10 835/11 750), and the coverage rate of iodized salts were 97.72% (3 508/3 590), 97.00% (7 670/7 907), 98.53% (11 577/11 750), and the qualified rate of iodized salts was 93.19% (3 269/3 508), 92.84% (7 121/7 670), 93.59% (10 835/11 577), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the median salt iodine and qualified iodized salt consumption rate among pregnant women in different years ( H = 99.915, χ 2 = 27.988, P < 0.05). Totally 3 902, 7 892 and 11 745 urine samples of pregnant women were tested, and the medians (quartiles) urinary iodine were 174.20 (114.00, 251.08), 180.70 (117.13, 258.58) and 179.40 (115.90, 249.00) μg/L, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in the median urinary iodine among pregnant women in different years ( H = 12.368, P < 0.05). From 2016 to 2018, counties with appropriate levels of iodine accounted for 70.00% (28/40), 73.75% (59/80) and 70.34% (83/118), respectively. The medians (quartiles) urinary iodine levels of pregnant women in the early, middle and late stages of pregnancy ( n = 2 225, 5 727, 3 793) in 2018 were 177.62 (117.28, 257.23), 178.21 (117.40, 248.40) and 172.70 (112.98, 245.70) μg/L, respectively, and there was statistical by significant difference in urinary iodine levels among pregnant women in different pregnancy periods ( H = 11.077, P < 0.05). Conclusions:From 2016 to 2018, the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Shanxi Province is generally in an appropriate state, iodine deficiency or more than appropriate still exists in some areas. We should continue to carry out monitoring work, and focus on strengthening health education for pregnant women, and guide them to supplement iodine scientifically and accurately.

Objective To establish a arsenic cerium catalytic rate method for determination of urinary iodine,and increase the linear range of urinary iodine determination.Methods Standard series and urine samples after digestion treatment,were tested using dynamics function of spectrophotometer to record the curve of absorbance value (A) change with time (t) during arsenic cerium catalytic reaction for each measurement system,choice (A1,t1) and (A 2,t2) on this curve and calculating the reaction rate (v),v =(lgA1-lgA2)/(t2-t1).Through the determination of the standard series it could calculate regression equation of iodine concentration (C) with X:C =a ± bX,X =1 000 (v-v0),and the v0 is the reaction rate of reagent blank.Results (① C and X were positively correlated.The standard series linear range was 0-1 200 pμg/L and correlation coefficient r was higher than 0.999 1.The minimum detection limit was 3.9 μg/L (0.25 ml urine).②)Precision:5 urine samples (A,B,C,D,E) were selected within the range of 0-1 200 μg/L and the measured value were (72.3 ± 2.7),(148.2 ± 5.2),(210.5 ± 4.4),(562.7 ± 6.8),and (899.3 ± 8.0) μg/L.The relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 0.9％-3.8％.(③)Accuracy:4 samples (A,B,C,D) were measured for standard addition recovery test,recovery was between 94.2％-107.2％;urinary iodine standard material [the given values were (67.9 ± 9.0),(142.0 ± 10.0),(195.0 ± 10.0),(558.0 ± 17.0),(885.0 ± 28.0) μg/L] were determined and the results were in the range of uncertainty of the standard material.④Method contrast:with the national health standard method (method for determination of iodine in urine by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry) to determinate 120 urine samples,the results showed that there were 60 urine samples within 0-300 μg/L,60 urine samples were more than 300 μg/L.Then rate method was used to test the 120 urine samples.For the 60 samples within the scope of 0-300 μg/L,the determination results of the two methods were positively correlated (r =0.994,P ＜ 0.01);the results of the rate method were lower than those of the standard method and the difference was statistically significant (t =2.047,P ＜ 0.05).But the average deviation was only 2.1 μg/L,for the determination of urine iodine there was no practical significance;for the 60 samples higher than 300 μg/L,the determination results of the two methods were positively correlated (r =0.993,P ＜ 0.01) and the difference was not statistically significant (t =-1.092,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Arsenic cerium catalytic rate method has increased the linear range of urinary iodine determination.Using this method,the vast majority samples can be tested directly without dilution,thereby reducing the workload for determination of urine iodine.

Objective To study the efficacy of L-3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT) and inorganic iodine (KIO3) in iodine-deficiency Wistar rats.Methods Sixty Wistar rats,weighting about 160-180 g,were divided into two groups according to body weight by the random number table method:iodine-deficiency model (40 rats) was fed with low-iodine food (the iodine content was 35.9 μg/kg);optimal-iodine model (20 rats) was fed with low-iodine food and given with KIO3 water (the iodine content was 18 mg/L) 0.5 ml by intragastric once a day.Model was established for 3 months.Iodine-deficiency model was subdivided into low iodine (LI) group,KIO3 group and DIT group,eight,nine,ten rats in each group;from optimal-iodine model,nine rats were randomly selected as optimal iodine (NI) group.LI group was fed with low-iodine food;KIO3 group was fed with low-iodine food and given with KIO3 water (the iodine content was 18 mg/L) 0.5 ml by intragastric once a day;DIT group was fed with low-iodine food and given with DIT water (the iodine content was 18 mg/L) 0.5 ml by intragastric once a day;NI group was fed with low-iodine food and given with KIO3 water (the iodine content was 18 mg/L) 0.5 ml by intragastric once a day.After 3 months,24-hour urine of the rats was collected.According to the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3 +-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006),iodine content in urine was detected.Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with 25％ urethane,blood from abdominal aortic was collected to determinate the serum thyroid hormone [total triiodothyronine (TT3),total thyroxine (TT4),free triiodothyronine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4)] level in rats by automatic electrochemical luminescence immunoassay.All the rats were sacrificed to analyze the thyroid weight.Results ① The urine iodine showed significant differences in the four groups (x2 =25.24,P ＜ 0.05).The median of urine iodine concentration in the LI,NI,KIO3 and DIT groups were 3.00,286.14,223.37,214.33 μg/L,respectively.The urine iodine concentration in LI group was significantly lower than those of other three groups (all P ＜ 0.05).② The serum TT3,TT4,FT3,FT4 levels showed significant differences in the four groups (F =63.48,140.73,130.20,365.27,all P ＜ 0.05).And the hormone levels in KIO3 group were lower than those of the DIT group [TT3:(1.57 ± 0.20) vs.(1.97 ± 0.18) mmol/L,TT4:(51.23 ± 4.90) vs.(71.94 ± 5.27) mmol/L,FT3:(5.34 ± 0.45) vs.(6.98 ± 0.33) pmol/L,FT4:(26.18 ± 2.30) vs.(35.47 ± 2.28) pmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05].③The color of thyroid in KIO3 and DIT groups became pale pink.The absolute and relative thyroid weight showed significant differences in the four groups (F =225.05,345.40,all P ＜ 0.05).The absolute thyroid weight [(31.76 ± 1.75) mg] and relative thyroid weight [(11.69 ± 3.47) mg/100 g] in DIT group was lower than that of the KIO3 group [(36.31 ± 5.23) mg,(12.83 ± 4.38) mg/100 g,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Animal experimental results show that DIT has a better iodine-supplementing efficacy than that of KIO3.

Objective To investigate resident iodine nutrition level in waterborne high iodine areas and prevalence of high iodine goiter in Shanxi Province.Methods In 2014,in Shanxi Province,in all the 10 high iodine counties (cities,districts),the jurisdiction area of each county (city,district) was divided into two blocks,high iodine and not high iodine districts,and in high iodine area of each county (city,area) according to their sub-area positions of east,south,west,north and center,a township was randomly selected (if the number of high iodine area in iodine excessive township ≤5,all townships were selected);four administrative villages in each monitoring township were randomly selected;in each administrative village,the edible salt samples of 15 randomly selected households were collected for detection of iodine content.Five counties (cities,districts) were selected from the province's 10 high iodine counties (cities,districts),water iodine content of 3 counties (cities,districts) was 150-300 μg/L,and 2 were ＞ 300 μg/L,one administrative village was selected from each county (city,area),household drinking water samples were collected to detect iodine content;and 100 elementary school children aged 8-10 were selected from the village where the monitoring stations located in for thyroid volume ultrasound measurement,and 30 of them were randomly selected for urinary iodine content detection.Results ① In the 10 high iodine counties (cities,districts),1 680 households salt samples were detected,and the rate of no iodine salt samples was 89.2％(1 499/1 680).② Fourteen water samples were collected in 5 counties (cities,districts),and the water iodine content was 155.7-467.3 μg/L.③ In the five high iodine counties (cities,districts),197 urine samples were collected from children aged 8 to 10.The median of urinary iodine was 466.5 μg/L;the median urinary iodine was 650.1 μg/L in water iodine≥300 μg/L children group which was significantly higher than that of the group with 150-300 μg/L water iodine content 332.5 μg/L (Z =-6.164,P ＜ 0.05);urinary iodine level of children and the water iodine of the corresponding village was positively correlated (r =0.543,P ＜ 0.05).④ In the five high iodine counties (cities,districts),543 children aged 8-10 were measured with their thyroid volume,the thyroid goiter rate was 6.8％(37/543);the goiter rate of water iodine ≥300 μg/L children group was [9.0％(28/311)] which was significantly higher than that in the iodine content of drinking water 150-300 μg/L group [3.9％(9/232),x2 =5.494,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion The measurement of stopping iodized salt supply in high iodine areas in Shanxi Province is well implemented,iodine nutrition level and thyroid goiter rate in those areas are still too high,high iodine intervention measures can be focused on changing of the drinking water.

Objective To observe the effects of nAChR antagonistα-conotoxin Eb1.6 on ther-mal pain threshold and spinal IL-1βexpression levels and astrocytes activation in rats using L5 spinal nerve transaction (SNT)model.Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups with each group 10 rats:sham group,different doses of α-CTX Eb1.6 (0.1 5,1.5 and 1 5 nmol/kg)groups and the saline group after SNT.Saline solution or different doses of Eb1.6 were intraperitoneally injected seven days after the surgery when the model was stable and the treatment continued for seven days.Measured the TWLs of all groups of the rats 1,2,4,7,12 hours after the in-jection on 7 d and 13 d.The rats were sacrificed and L5 spinal cord tissues were collected immediately after the behavioral tests on 13 d.The expression of GFAP and IL-1βwere assessed by Western blot assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)separately.Results Groups E1,E2,E3 and C had shorter TWL before the injection on 7 d and 13 d than group N(P <0.05).The TWLs of the rats in groups E1,E2 and E3 of 1 h,2 h and 4 h after the injection on 7 d were significantly higher than that before the injection(P <0.05)with 2 h after the injection showed the most obvious change.The TWL of 1 h,2 h,4 h and 7 h after the injection of the rats in group E1,E2 and E3 and those of 12 h after the injection of the rats in group E2 and E3 on 13 d were significantly higher than that before the injection(P <0.05 )and also higher than TWL of the respective time points on 7 d(P < 0.05 ),also with 2 h after the injection showed the most obvious change.The TWLs of 2 h after the injection a-mong group E1,E2 and E3 showed significant differences both on 7 d and 13 d (P <0.05).Rats spi-nal IL-1βand GFAP expression levels of group E1,E2,E3 and C were significantly higher than those of group N(P <0.05).Rats spinal IL-1β and GFAP expression levels of groups E1,E2,E3 signifi-cantly decreased compared with group C(P <0.05).There were significant differences among the spi-nal IL-1βand GFAP expression levels of group E1,E2 and E3(P <0.05).Conclusion Eb1.6 dose-de-pendently reduced the thermal hyperalgesia induced by L5 spinal nerve transection.Repeated treat-ment of Eb1.6 could produce better analgesic effect,which might be partly attribute to the inhibition of spinal IL-βlevels and astrocytes activation.

Objective To investigate the nutritional status of iodine among residents and the goiter disease of children in high water iodine areas in Shanxi Province,and to provide a scientific basis for establishment of longlasting control strategies and measures.Methods In 2012,according to the historical monitoring data,in the 10 high water iodine counties (citys,districts),one town was selected based on its location (east,west,south,north and middle) in each county (citie,district).In county (city,district) with 5 townships or less,all townships were selected.Four villages were selected in each township and fifteen residents in each village were selected to test salt iodine level.In five high water iodine counties (city,district),one or two high water iodine villages were selected,water samples were collected and the iodine content was measured; one hundred students aged 8-10 years old were chosen to examine their thyroid size.Thirty children were chosen from above students to collect their urine samples and to determine the iodine content.Results In 10 high water iodine counties (citys,districts),1 680 salt samples were tested.The rate of non-iodized salt was 85.2％ (1 432/1 680); in six villages of five high water iodine counties (citys,districts),the median of urinary iodine of 256 children aged 8 to 10 was 487.2 μg/L; in three villages which had improved the quality of water,the median of urinary iodine was 271.0 μg/L; other three villages which had not improved the quality of water,the median of urinary iodine was 692.6 μg/L.In those villages which had not improved the quality of water,urinary iodine of children ≥300 μg/L accounted for 85.8％ (139/162); in those villages which had improved the quality of water,high urinary iodine of children accounted for 41.5％ (39/94),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =53.06,P ＜ 0.05).The thyroid was investigated among 591 children aged 8-10 years old,and the goiter rate was 6.6％(39/591).In those villages which had improved the quality of water,the goiter rate of children was 3.8％ (11/291),but in villages which had not improved the quality of water,the goiter rate of children was 9.3％ (28/300),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =6.52,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The iodine nutrition level of residents in high water iodine areas in Shanxi is excessive,children's goiter disease has not been effectively controlled; water improvement to reduce iodine is the basic way to control the disease of high iodine.

Objective To analyze the effect of adjustments of control strategy on epidemic trend of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Shanxi Province after universal salt iodization (USI),and to provide basis for timely adopting targeted control countermeasure and scientifically adjusting intervention strategy.Methods A method of retrospective analysis was performed to collect data from IDD surveillance at national or province levels after 1995,and from iodized salt surveillance of the province after 2004.According to the statistics and analysis of children's goiter rate,median urinary,median and mean of salt iodine,coverage rate of iodized salt,qualified rate of iodized salt,consumption rate of qualified iodized salt and their relationship.Results Since 1995,the children's goiter rate by palpation and B-ultrasound showed a steady descending trend.The median salt iodine,mean salt iodine and children's median urinary iodine showed a trend of rise→decline→stable→decline.Namely:The three indicators began to rise year by year from 1995 (29.1 mg/kg,31.7 ± 15.0 mg/kg,199.3 μg/L),in 1999 (48.7 mg/kg,53.4 ± 29.4 mg/kg,407.5 μg/L) reached its climax; and then decreased,in 2001 (34.7 mg/kg,36.2 ± 11.9 mg/kg,282.1 μg/L)stoped; which were basically stable from 2001 to 2011; since 2013 (26.0 mg/kg,26.5 ± 6.3 mg/kg,192.0 μg/L),a significant decline began.The rate and edible rate of qualified iodized salt showed a trend of decline→rise→stable.Two indexes began to decline circuitously from 1995 (72.61％,68.25％),and dipped to a low point in 1999 (44.80％,43.67％); then began to rise,until 2002 (94.73％,91.80％) reached basic stability; and remained steady from 2002 to 2013.Conclusions Following the process of prevention and treatment of IDD for more than 30 years in Shanxi Province,with the depth understanding of the range of adequate iodine nutrition,according to the monitoringfeedback mechanism,the strategy of salt iodization has been adjusted several times,the target of continuous elimination of IDD has achieved since 2000 and the levels of iodine nutrition in population are more reasonable.Salt iodization strategy should continue to adhere to.