Obesity is a common cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Recently,the morbidity of NAFLD has increased rapidly worldwide,associated with obesity prevalence.NAFLD,metabolic syndrome(MS)and insulin resistance are closely related.The increase in weight,especially in visceral fat tissue,was the highest risk factor to cause NAFLD and MS,and for their progress.To NAFLD patients,the only effective measure is weight reduction,including reasonable diet and aerobic exercise.Moreover,a sound mentality and behavior are the key factors of the treatment of NAFLD.On the other hand,the literature lacks well-designed,randomized control trials that assess the efficacy of anti-obesity drug and weight-loss surgery on the long-term outcomes of NAFLD.

n admixtures are summarized.

More studies have shown that dietary calcium intake can decrease the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Milk consumption in childhood and the habit of milk drinking are positively correlated with bone mineral density in adult-hood. This article summarizes the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density and obesity-related metabolic disorder in children.

Anemia is one of the most common disease in premature infants,it not only affects growth and development,but also have long-term impact on the future movement,cognition,learning ability and behavioral development,and most of mental harms nor reversible even though after iron supplementation.So,supplementation with intravenous iron will be a good approach to prevent and treatment with anemia for oral iron supplementations invalid or intolerant infants.Currently,safety and start time for iron supplementation in preterm infants remains controversial.This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron for prevent and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in preterm infants.

Objective To investigate the effect of nutritional therapy for an infant with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who had jejuno-colostomy. Methods An individualized nutritional support before and after the closure of jejunum colostomy was provided to a 3-month-old girl with SBS who had jejuno-colostomy so as to find out its influence on prognosis. Results Paren-teral nutrition is a life-saving therapy for infants with SBS. The proper enteral nutrition can improve intestinal tolerance and re-duce the incidence of postoperative complications, and improve outcomes of SBS infants. Conclusions Appropriate nutrition therapy is important to reduce the complications and improve the prognosis of SBS infants.

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in premature infant is a common problem in the world. The reasons for high EUGR rate, such as declining gestational age and birth weight, getting more medical treatment and examination or interruption of nutritional support, had been profoundly studied. However, there are few reports about the limited ability of intakes of energy and various nutrients and the updating of the growth standard curve . Research suggested that the average time taken to reach the recommended fat intake in preterm infants is proximately day 6 after birth, protein day 4 after birth, carbohydrate one-week after birth. Vitamins and trace elements are usually not able to or take a long time to reach the recommended nutrient intake. Without enough intake of energy and nutrients to maintain the need of intrauterine growth rate and catch-up growth in preterm infants, EUGR cannot be improved. In this paper, the EUGR and the intake of important nutrients, such as energy, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals, etc., during hospitalization were reviewed in hope to achieve more rational and standardized management for preterm infant,and provide more reasonable advise to control EUGR.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the nutritional status of dietary calcium intake in school-age children in Shanghai and to analyze the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density (BMD).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the second and third grade students of 10 primary schools in Yangpu District and Baoshan District in Shanghai. Food frequency questionnaire was used tu estimate the relative intake of dietary calcium of students in 6 primary schools in Baoshnn District. Quantitative ultrasound bone density examination was used to estimate the calcaneal BMD.The relation-ship between calcium intake and BMD was analyzed.Results The average calcium intake was 647 mg/d among ested students.BMD was not significantly different among different age groups (F=1.595,P=0.173),while Z-score was significantly different among different age groups (F=16.02,P=0.000).The total calcium intake was not correlated with BMD or Z-score.The percentage of dairy calcium intake was positively correlated with BMD (r=0.097,P=0.015)and Z-score (r=O.117,P=0.003),the percentage of non-dairy calcium intake and the non-dairy calcium intake were negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.097,P=0.015) and Z-score(r=-0.110,P=0.006).When the total dietary calcium intake was ≥600 mg/d,BMD and Z-score significantly higherin students with high dairy calcium intake than those with low dairy calcium intake (P<0.05).When the total dietary calcium intake was <600mg/d,BMD and Z-score were higher in students with high dairy calcium in-take than in those with low dairy calcium intake,although no statistical significance was noted (P>0.05).Conclusions BMD and Z-score increase along with the increase of dairy calcium intake.Such effect becomes even more obvious when the total dietary calcium intake is ≥600 mg/d.

Objective To compare and analyse four references for assessment of obesity in Chinese children. Methods The height and weight of 2347 children(1175 boys and 1172 girls) aged 7 to 8 years in Shanghai were measured,and their body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated.The prevalences of overweight and obesity were evaluated and compared among reference of Weight for Height 1985(WFH 1985 reference),BMI reference of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC reference),BMI reference of Europe International Obesity Task Force(IOTF reference) and BMI reference of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of American 2000 (CDC reference). Results The prevalence of overweiight in boys evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly higher than those by the other three references(P<0.05),and the prevalence of overweight in girls evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly higher than those by WGOC and CDC references (P<0.05).The prevalence of obesity in boys evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly lower than those by the other three references (P<0.01),and the prevalence of obesity in girls evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly lower than those by WGOC and WFH 1985 references(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the evaluation findings of obesity and overweight between WFH 1985 and WGOC references(P>0.05). Conclusion WFH 1985 and WGOC references are more suitable than IOTF and CDC references for assessment of overweight and obesity in Chinese children.

Objective To investigate urinary iodine and dietary iodine intake in adults, and to ana-lyze the relationship of urinary iodine and daily dietary iodine intakes with thyroid nodules.Methods To-tally 30 participants with nutritional background were enrolled prospectively from January to March 2015 in Shanghai.The 3-day survey of 24-hour's diet record was made using weighting method to evaluate the daily nutrient intakes.On the second and third days of dietary records, urine samples in fasting status and 2 hours after meals were collected from all the participants (n=240).The levels of urine iodine were meas-ured, and dietary iodine intake calculated.3-month food frequency questionnaire was completed and thy-roid ultrasonography performed.Results The median urinary iodine ( MUI) of fasting and 2 h postprandi-al urine samples was 137.56 μg/L ( 91.4-211.5 μg/L) .The portions of participants with iodine insuf-ficiency, iodine adequate, and iodine above requirements or excess were 20.2%, 56.7%, and 23.3%, respectively.Inter-individual MUI varied from 36.31 μg/L to 359.20 μg/L.No significant difference was found between the fasting urinary iodine and 2 h postprandial urinary iodine ( P=0.389 ) .The average di-etary iodine intake was (197.2 ±74.2) μg/d, and the proportions from iodine salt and drinking water were 70.2% and 5.4%, respectively.There was a significant positive correlation between dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine value of the same day (r=0.426, P=0.019).Participants with thyroid nod-ules had higher urinary iodine than participants without thyroid nodules [ ( 194.0 ±101.5 ) μg/L vs. (135.7 ±72.9) μg/L, P<0.001].Conclusions Inter-individual iodine nutritional status are signifi-cantly different under natural living status.Increased urinary iodine may be related with thyroid nodules. Repeat random urine iodine test combined dietary assessment may reduce the error in evaluating individual iodine nutritional status.

Objective To investigate the association between activity energy expenditure ( AEE ) and body composition in school-age children.Methods A total of 62 students ( Grades 3 and 4, aged 8 -10 years) from a primary school in Shanghai were enrolled in this study .AEE was estimated with a metabolic cart (energy metabolism determination system ).Body composition (body mass, body mass index, fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, obesity degree) was evaluated by bioelectrical im-pedance analysis .The above indicators were compared between obese and non-obese students .Results There were no statistically significant differences in exercise time , total AEE and relative AEE between obese and non-obese boys [ (9.70 ±1.91) min vs.(10.00 ±1.97) min, t=0.336, P=0.739; (198.74 ±53.33) kJ vs.(171.54 ±41.75) kJ, t =-1.422, P =0.165; (0.46 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ± 0.04) kJ/(min· kg), t=2.043, P=0.051], while obese boys had higher absolute AEE than non-obese boys [(20.06 ±3.14) kJ/min vs.(16.93 ±1.85) kJ/min, t=-2.910, P=0.007].Obese girls had shor-ter exercise time and lower relative AEE than non-obese girls [ (7.35 ±3.05) min vs.(9.98 ±1.82) min, t=2.509, P=0.027;(0.41 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ±0.07) kJ/(min· kg), t=3.244, P=0.003 ] , whereas there were no statistically significant differences in total AEE and absolute AEE between obese and non-obese girls [ (129.29 ±71.13) kJ vs.(161.50 ±35.38) kJ, t =1.351, P =0.203; (16.82 ± 3.26) kJ/min vs.(16.17 ±2.00) kJ/min, t=-0.676, P=0.504].After controlling for age and gender, absolute AEE was significantly positively correlated with body mass index ( P=0.015 ) , obesity degree ( P=0.010), fat mass (P=0.047), fat-free mass (P=0.010), and fat-free mass index (P=0.003) in boys, but not in girls.Relative AEE was significantly negatively correlated with body mass index ( boys: P =0.000, girls: P=0.000), obesity degree (boys: P=0.002, girls: P=0.000), fat percentage (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.001), fat mass (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.000), fat-free mass (boys: P=0.002 , girls: P=0.022 ) , and fat mass index ( boys: P=0.000 , girls: P =0.000 ) in both boys and girls.Conclusions In obese children, AEE is correlated with body composition, with relative AEE reducing as obesity degree increasing.There may be complex relationships among body size , body composition, and energy metabolism in children.