Objective:To discuss the practice effect of process evaluation on Nursing Aesthetics teaching evaluation.Methods:Vocational college nursing students from two classes of 2017 in the school were selected as the control group, and two of 2018 the experimental group. The experimental group, which contained 84 students, was implemented process evaluation method. The students′ satisfaction to the teaching method and their examination results of theory and practice were compared between the two groups. The opinions and self-evaluation of the experimental group on the process evaluation were investigated.Results:The students′ satisfaction degree with teaching of the experimental group was (96.10±0.36) points, significantly better than (90.00±0.58) points of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( tvalue was 5.03, P<0.05). The score of theory course and practice personal evaluation of students in experimental group (84.35±6.65, 87.21±5.47) was obviously higher than that of control group (81.57±8.21, 84.64±6.78). The t-value was 5.968 and 6.687 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05 or 0.01). In experimental group, 39.3 percent (33/84) of students strongly agree that the process evaluation fully and truly reflects their knowledge and ability, while 51.2 percent (43/84) of students comparatively agree with that. More than 90 percent of students believed that the process evaluation has improved their comprehensive application ability of aesthetic knowledge, enhanced their sense of identity to nursing profession, helped to develop good study habits and so on. Conclusions:Process evaluation have helped increase students′ comprehensive quality and ability.

Objective To investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on substance P of spinal cord in rabbits following formalin stimulation and the possible mechanism. Methods Rabbits of both sexes weighting 2.5-3.0 kg were anesthetized with 20% urethane 1 g?kg-1 . Spontanous breathing was maintained. Right stellate ganglion was exposed aseptically. An epidural catheter was fixed with one end placed closed to stellate ganglion and the other end outside the neck through a hole on the skin for administration of drugs. One week later, nineteen healthy rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group (group A, n = 5), SGB group (group B, n=7) and control group (group C, n = 7) . In group B and group C, 3 % formalin 0.2 ml was injected subcutaneously into plantar region of the right paw. Pain response was observed. 1h after formalin injected, 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 ml was injected through the catheter in group B while normal saline 0.5 ml was injected in group C. The effect of SGB was confirmed by ptosis and miosis. 1h after using of bupivacaine or normal saline, rabbits were deeply anesthetized and chest was opened, 1 000 ml of normal saline was infused via left ventricle then followed by 2000-2500 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1mol/L phosphate buffer pH7.4 infusion for fixation of tissue, 60 min later spinal cord of cervical 6-8(C6-8) and thoracic 6-8(T6-8 ) were removed. In group A the spinal cord were extracted similar to the other groups. The content of SP in spinal cord use immumohistochemistry technique of strept avidin biotin enzyme complex (SABC) to display. Results Immunoreaction of SP were distributed mainly in lamina Ⅰ and Ⅱ of dorsal horn of spinal cord. Compared with group A, the optical density(OD) of SP in cervical slices were decreased significantly in group B and group C(P 0.05 ). Conclusions The content of SP in spinal cord decreased significantly after subcutaneous injection of formalin in rabbits. SGB can reverse the phenomena partly and increase the content of SP of cervical spinal cord in rabbits following formalin stimulation. This may be the possible mechanism of analgesia provided by SGB.

Objective To investigate the effect of stellate ganglion block(SGB) on the plasma concentration of noradrenaline(NE) in rabbits suffering from acute pain and the possible mechanism.Methods Fourteen healthy rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.5 2.8 kg were anesthetized with 20% urethane 1 g?kg -1 . Spontanous breathing was maintained. Right stellate ganglion was exposed aseptically. An epidural catheter was fixed with one end placed close to stellate ganglion and the other end outside the neck through a hole on the skin for administration of drugs. One week later 3% formalin 0.2ml was injected subcutaneously into plantar region of the right paw. Pain response was observed . 60 min after formalin injection 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5ml was injected through catheter (bupivacaine group n=7) while in control group (n=7) normal saline 0.5ml was injected. The effect of SGB was confirmed by ptosis and miosis. Blood samples were taken from edge vein of the ear 10 min before (T 0) and 10(T 1), 30(T 2), 50min(T 3) after subcutaneous injection of formalin and 10min(T 4), 30min(T 5), 50min(T 6) after bupivacaine or normal saline injection for determination of plasma NE concentration by radioimmunoassay.Results Plasma NE concentration increased significantly after subcutaneous formalin injection and peaked at T 1,then decreased slightly at T 2 and T 3. In group B, plasma NE concentration decreased significantly after bupivacaine injection, while in control group there was no significantly change in plasma NE concentration after normal saline injection.Conclusions SGB reduces the increased plasma NE concentration in rabbits suffering from acute pain. This may be the possible mechanism of analgesia provided by SGB.

Objective To investigate the method of esophageal protection and nursing of pa-tients during peri-ablation of atrial fibrillation. Methods 31 patients hospitalized from June to July,2007 underwent radiofrequeney ablation under the mapping of Carto system, who were treated with liq-uid diet, anti-acid drugs and lowering energy ablation in posterior wall of left atrium for the aim of esophageal protection. Results The success rate of ablation was 100% with no occurrence of atrial-esophgeal fistula and uneomfort of digestive tract. Conclusions Careful esophageal protection and nursing plays an important role in prevention of atrial-esophgeal fistula.

Objective To investigate the effects of unilateral stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the expression of heat shock protein 70(HSP70) in bilateral hippocampus and temporal lobe induced by global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits. Methods Twenty-eight healthy Japanese long-ear rabbits of either sex weighing 2.5-3.0 kg were anesthetized with intravenous 1.5% pentobarbital, intubated and mechanically ventilated. Global cerebral ischemia was produced by clamping bilateral external and internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries for 10 min. Global cerebral ischemia was confirmed by blanching of lips and conjunctival, respiratory and EGG changes. The arteries were then declamped for reperfusion. The animals were randomly divided into 4 equal groups ( n = 7) : SGB group, NS control group, blank control group and sham operation group. In SGB group left stellate ganglion was blocked by 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 ml injected through an epidural catheter with its tip placed close to left stellate ganglion when reperfusion was started followed by continuous infusion of 0.25 % bupivacaine at a rate of 0.5 ml ? h -1 . SGB was confirmed by ptosis and miosis. In NS control group normal saline was used instead of 0.25 % bupivacaine. In blank control group no medication was give. In sham operation group the six arteries were exposed but not occluded. The HSP70 expression in the neurons in hippocampus CA1 section and cortex of temporal lobe was detected by immunohistochemistry using an antibody specific for HSP70 30h after reperfusion was started. Results HSP 70 expression in bilateral hippocampus CA1 section and cortex of temporal lobe was significantly lower in SGB group compared with the two control groups ( P 0.05) . Conclusion Left SGB can depress the over-expression of HSP 70 in bilateral hippocampus and temporal lobe induced by global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

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BACKGROUND: Stellate ganglion block has many functions by improving brain circulation, modulating immunity, reducing plasmic catecholamine content, interleukin-6 is one of the most sensitive and important predictors and mediators for acute organic stress response, playing neuroprotective and neurotoxic double roles in brain ischemic injury.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of stellate ganglion block in rat brain during ischemic-reperfusion period on the changes of serum interleukin-6,in order to probe the role of stellate ganglion block in brain ischemicreperfusional injury.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experimentation.SETTING: Anaesthesia Department of Taihe Hospital Mfiliated to Yunyang Medical College, and Anaesthesia Department of Renmin Hospital Affiliated to Yunyang Medical College.MATERIALS: This experiment on animals was carried out at the Experimental Center of Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Yunyang Medical College at March 2003, interleukin-6 reagent kit and determination was provided and conducted by the immunity research institute of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. Totally 28 big-ear healthy rabbits in which male or female was not limited were selected and randomly divided into stellate ganglion group, saline comparison group, blank comparison group and sham operation group with 7 rabbits in each group.METHODS: A pipe was set approximate to the stellate ganglion of all animals by operative method, six-vessels block method was used to simulate whole brain ischemic-reperfusion model, in stellate ganglion block group,artery clamp was lossen for reperfusiion at 15 minutes after ischemia, simultaneously 2.5 g/L bupivacaine was continuously pumped into left side of stellate ganglion for nerve block, which replaced by physical saline and nothing in respectively physical saline comparison group and blank comparison group, while rabbits in sham operation group were only subjected to surgery without artery clamp. RIA was used to determine serum interleukin-6 content at before ischemia, reperfusion of 10 minutes, 4 hours, 10hours, when 20 hours and 30 hours individually.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum interleukin-6 content in each group at various post-reperfusional time points.RESULTS: Totally 28 big-ears white rabbits were enrolled in this experiment and all data was entered the result analysis. Interleukin-6 content was on an increasing tendency in all groups, while was higher in stellate ganglion block group than in sham operation group only at reperfusion 30time point, the difference has significance [(321±52) and (299±45) ng/L,P ＜ 0.05]; Comparing to pre-ischemic group, interleukin-6 in physical saline group began increase remarkably from onset of reperfusion 4 hours[(365±46) ng/L], but began obviously increase at reperfusion 10 hours in blank comparison group [(368±31) ng/L, P ＜ 0.05]. The difference of interleukin-6 among stellate ganglion block group, sham operation group,physical saline group and blank comparison group does not have statistical significance (P＞0.05); the level of interleukin-6 in physical saline group and blank comparison group were higher than in sham at all reperfusion 4-30 hours, and even higher than in stellate ganglion group after reperfusion 10 hours, the difference has significant meaning (P ＜ 0.05). Moreover the increase of interleukin-6 content in stellate ganglion block group was remarkably lower than physical saline comparison group and blank comparison group (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Stellate ganglion block may obviously reduce serum interleukin-6 level in rabbit brain during ischemic-reperfusion period, implying stellate ganglion block has a certain protective and curative function on the whole brain ischemic-reperfusion damage, and considered as a promising way in the treatment of brain ischemic-reperfusion damage.

Objective To investigate effect of FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) on the c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Transient global cerebral ischemia rat models were made by four-vessel method.Healthy male SD (Sprague Dawley) rats were randomly divided into:sham group,ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group),FKBP51 antisense oligonucleotide group (FKBP51 ASODN group),FKBP51 missense oligonucleotide group (FKBP51 MSODN group),and solvent control group (TE group).The effect of FKBP51 ASODN on expression of FKBP51 protein and JNK was detected,and c-Jun phosphorylation was detected by Western blot.Results (1) FKBP51 protein expression in the FKBP51 ASODN group was reduced.The change of FKBP51 protein expression between the FKBP51 ASODN and sham groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).(2) The expression differences of total JNK protein between all the groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of p-JNK in sham group was significantly less than the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of p-JNK in I/R 3d,TE,and FKBP51 MSODN groups were higher relative to Sham group; however,the differences among those three groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of p-JNK in FKBP51 ASODN group was significantly less than FKBP51 MSODN group (P ＜ 0.05).(3) The expression differences of total c-Jun protein among all groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of p-c-Jun in sham group was significantly less than the other groups (P ＜ O.05).The expressions of p-c-Jun in I/R 6 h,TE,and FKBP51 MSODN groups were higher relative to the sham group; however,the differences among those three groups were not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The expressions of p-c-Jun in FKBP51 ASODN group was significantly less than FKBP51 MSODN group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions FKBP51 might activate JNK signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Objective To investigate the effects of the FKBP51 · PHLPP · AKT signal module on the phosphorylation of Akt and hippocampal neuronal injury after the cerebral ischemia / reperfusion induced neuronal death in rat hippocampus.Methods Transient(15 min)brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats.6 rats were used in each group.The antisense oligodeoxynucletides(AS ODN)of PHLPP2 (PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases) was used to suppress the assembly of FKBP51 · PHLPP · Akt signal module by intracerebroventricular infusion once per day for 3 days before ischemia.After 6 hours reperfusion,interactions of PHLPP2 and FKBP51 (FK506 binding protein 5) with Akt were detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) and the phosphorylation of Akt was detected by western blot (IB).After 5 days reperfusion,rats were perfusion-fixed with paraformaldehyde and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was used to examine the survival number of CA1 pyramidal cells of hippocampus.Results Compared to PHLPP2 MS ODN group(1.24±0.24,1.68±0.11,0.58±0.01),PHLPP2 AS ODN suppressed the assembly of the FKBP51 · PHLPP · Akt signaling module(1.06±0.01,1.04±0.13),and increased the phosphorylation of Akt(0.76±0.02) (P＜0.05).Furthermore,compared to PHLPP2 MS ODN group (20.1±2.5),the number of surviving neurons significantly increased in PHLPP2 AS ODN group(88.3±2.7)(P＜0.05).Conclusion The increasing assembly of FKBP51 · PHLPP · Akt signal module can damage CA1 pyramidal cells of hippocampus by inhibiting the phosphorylation level of Akt.

Objective To investigate the neuralprotective effect of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil hydrochloride in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.Methods The SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:the sham group,the ischemia/reperfusion group,the fasudil hydrochloride group and the physiological saline group.Fasudil hydrochloride were injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes before ischemia.And the physiological saline group were treated with the intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of saline.The phosphorylation and protein expression of GluR6 at 6 hours during reperfusion were detected using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analysis to examine the effect of Fasudil hydrochloride.Furthermore,TUNEL staining was used to examine the apoptosis of neurons in rat hippocampal CA1 regions after 3 days reperfusion.Results 1.Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analysis were used to analyze the phosphorylation of GluR6 in serine site.The results showed that the GluR6 serine phosphorylation level increased significantly at 6h of reperfusion compared with the sham group (P＜0.05).Fasudil hydrochloride group could inhibit the increased phosphorylation of GluR6 at 6h of reperfusion compared with the ischemia/reperfusion group and saline group,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).2.TUNEL staining was used to examine the apoptosis of neurons in 3 days after reperfusion in CA1 regions of hippocampus.The results indicated that significant numbers of TUNEL positive cells (40.20 ± 2.77) were observed 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion.The numbers of viable neurons per 1 mm length of CA1 pyramidal cells were quantitatively analyzed.Fasudil hydrochloride markedly decreased the neuronal loss compared with the ischemia/reperfusion group (19.80 ± 2.86) (P＜0.05).Conclusion Fasudil hydrochloride can inhibit induced phosphorylation of GluR6 by the ischemia/reperfusion.Fasudil hydrochloride can reduce the neurons apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 regions,and perform a neuralprotective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.