Objective To find a method for calculating the scatter dose of irregular fields. Methods The original Day function was improved to vary with radiation depth, and the improved Day function was used for irregular fields to calculate scatter dose. Results The accuracy was greatly improved by making Day function depend on radiation depth, and the error was within 1.5%. Conclusion This method can be used to calculate the scatter dose of irregular fields as well as rectangular fields.

Generally,pencil beam kernels for photon beam calculation are obtained through Monte Carlo calculations.In this paper,a pencil beam model is set up with a method of deconvolution from measured broad beam profiles.These profiles are usually available in a radiotherapy planning system.Furthermore,this method is applied to computing dose distributions at different sizes.Comparisons with measurements show that the accuracy of the calculated dose distributions fits well in a1%error interval in high dose gradient regions.

Objective To investigate the incidence of thyroid space occupying lesion by ultrasound imaging in patients with breast cancer.Methods From 2009 to 2012,150 patients with breast cancer as experimental group and another 150 patients with breast benign diseases as control group underwent thyroid ultrasound examination.Ultrasound results of the two groups were analyzed to find the differences.Restult More obvious space occupying lesions were found in experimental group than those in control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The incidence rate of thyroid space occupying lesion in the patients with breast cancer is higher than that in the patients with no breast cancer.

Objective To analysis the MRI features of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), to improve the understanding of MRI manifestations of this disease. Meth?ods The clinical manifestations, neuroimaging analysis and genetic analysis were performed in the CADASIL pedigree proband and his families. Results Five of six cases were confirmed with C2182T mutation on exon 14 of the NOTCH3, of which three cases were diagnosed by MRI. Brain MRI findings included bilateral symmetric distributed confluent lesions in the subcortical and periventricular white matter in the frontal lobe, hypointensity on T1WI and hyperintensity on both T2WI and T2 FLAIR imaging in four cases. The external capsule was involved in three cases, with hyperintensity on T2WI. Subcortical lacunar lesions (SLLs) were shown in three cases. Lacunar infarction in the basal ganglia and thalamus were presented in four cases. T2WI hyperintensity at the brain stem was found in two cases. Cerebral microbleeds were re?vealed in three cases. There was no O’Sullivan sign in all the six cases. Conclusions There is characteristic change of MRI in CADASIL patients, which may play a very important role in screening these cases.

Objective:To analyze and compare the clinicopathological characteristics in low weight proteinuria(LWP) and nephrotic proteinuria(NP) multiple myeloma(MM) patients with renal involvement.Methods:From October 1991 to October 2005,46 patients with MM were diagnosed in the Research Institute of Nephrology of Jinling Hospital(Nanjing,China).Renal biopsies were done in 41 of them.The patients were devided into two groups,LWP and NP groups.Their clinical and pathological features were investigated and compared. Results:The epidemiological features and type of MM in LWP and NP groups were similar.The patients in LWP group had higher incidence of D-S Ⅲ stage and heavier anaemia compared to NP group.Compared to patients in NP group,patients in LWP group had higher incidence of renal insufficiency and lower urine osmotic pressure.Part of patients checked urine N-acetyl-?-glucosaminidase,RBP and there were no difference between two groups.Cast nephropathy was the most frequent pathologic type in LWP group,while light chain deposition disease and glomerular amyloidosis were the most common pathologic type in NP group.Conclusion:According to this study,we get the conclusion that proteinuria analysis may be a significant test to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of MM patients with renal involvement.

Abstract: Objective To observe the phenotypic characteristics of 3 wild-type plague phages under different experimental environments, providing scientific evidence for the identification of phage biological characteristics and the study of their interaction with host bacteria in the future. Methods The sensitivity of 3 wild-type plague phages were detected by using liquid culture method, emisolid medium method and micro-liquid culture method based on OmniLog TM microbial identification system. Results The growth result based on LB liquid medium showed that the growth of plague phage 476 for 20-24 hours at both 28 ℃ and 37 ℃was better than that of plague phages 087 and 072204 at 37 ℃, and the growth of plague phages 087 was better than that of plague phages 072204 at 37 ℃. With the attenuated plague bacterium EV76 as the host bacterium, phage 476 was able to form visible plaque on double-layer agar medium for 20-20 hours at both 28 ℃ and 37 ℃, phages 087 and 072204 were only able to form opaque plaque on double-layer agar medium for 20-24 hours at 37 ℃. The growth results based on OmniLogTM system showed that when plague phage was lysed in EV76 strain at 33 ℃, the first row appeared as a straight line with a peak of no more than 100 in the 96-well microplate curve chart. As the phage quantity decreased, the dilution plate appeared with growth curve similar to EV76 strain in turn, and the color of tetrazolium dyes in the experimental wells gradually deepened as the phage number decreased and the host bacteria number increased. Therefore, it indicates that phage 476 was sensitively at both 28 ℃ and 37 ℃, while phage 087 and 072204 were temperature-dependent only at 37 ℃ to attenuated plague bacterium EV76. Conclusions The lysing ability of 3 wild-type plague phages are temperature-dependent, and the growth results are consistent under the three experimental conditions.

Objective To investigate the biological characteristics and epidemiological significance of Yersinia pestis strains in Qilian County,Qinghai Province,in order to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control.Method Totally 67 strains were separated from kinds of host in Qilian County,Qinghai Province from 1958 to 2011,to do biochemical test,toxicity test,virulence factors evaluation,plasmid analysis and different region (DFR) genotyping.Results According to biochemical typing,48 of the 50 strains tested were Qing-Tibet Plateau ecotype,15 were Qilian Mountain ecotype,and the remaining 4 were different ecotypes from the plague foci in Qinghai plateau.The strains had 8 genomovars,and were given priority to genomovar8 (42 strains),secondly,genomovar44 (15 strains),genomovar5 (4 strains),genomovar7 (2 strains),genomovar19 (1 strain),genomovar30 (1 strain),genomovar32 (1 strain),and genomovar34 (1 strain).A proportion of 95.52％ (64/67) of the strains contained 3 kinds of plasmid-6 × 106,45 × 106,and 52 × 106;85.07％ (57/67) contained all the four virulence factors,and 96.00％ (48/50) were velogenic strains.Conclusion The strains separated in Qilian County,Qinghai Province have the characteristics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau plague's pathogen and have strong toxicity,so we should enhance the plague monitoring and give more publicity to plague prevention to prevent animal plague spreading to human.

The 28th International Conference on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-Motor Neuron Disease was held in Boston from December 8 to 10, 2017. The conference covered 23 topics, 102 special topics and 446 papers. This article briefly introduces some topics of the conference, involving basic research, clinical research and clinical trials. Among these, basic studies include genetics, cell biology and pathology, and superoxide dismutase1 gene ALS related pathology; clinical studies include the progression of ALS disease, cognitive behavioral disorders, and biological markers.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of an A-to-G mutation at nucleotide 1555 of the mitochondrial genome in patients with nonsyndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) of northwest region of China. METHOD: A standardized program of epidemiological design, administrative support, sample collection and mutation screening for mtDNA 12SrRNA A1555G were used performed to study the general condition and the molecular etiology of patients with severe to profound hearing loss from 5 provinces of northwest region of China. RESULT: Five-hundred-seventy-three cases with severe profound hearing loss from 5 provinces were collected and 31 cases were found to carry mtDNA 12SrRNA A1555G mutation. CONCLUSION Among the patients with severe to profound hearing loss from 5 provinces of northwest region, there was a high proportion of hereditary hearing impairment caused by mtDNA 12SrRNA A1555G mutation. Screening and testing for this mutation are effective methods to prevent ototoxicity in A1555G carriers and their maternal family members.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Female ; Hearing Loss ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; RNA, Ribosomal ; genetics ; Young Adult

Objective To observe and compare the safety and short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery (LS)versus conventional open surgery(OS)for stage Ⅱor Ⅲ rectal cancer(RC). Methods One hundred and six patients with stage ⅡorⅢRC were divided into LS group(n=53)and OS group(n=53)according to the random double blind method. The related outcomes of two groups were compared ,including surgical duration , intraoperative blood loss , length of incision , distal margin length , proximal margin length , the number of lymph node dissection,residual cancer rate,exhaust time,first ambulation time,and postoperative hospital stay. Results Intraoperative blood loss,length of incision,postoperative hospital stay,exhaust time and the first ambu-lation time in LS group were significantly different from those in OS group (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). And there were no significant differences between the two groups in surgical duration ,the number of lymph node dissec-tion,distal margin length,proximal margin length and residual cancer rate(P > 0.05). Conclusions Laparo-scopic technology is safe and feasible in treating rectal carcinoma,with less trauma,quicker recovery,and shorter hospital stay.