Immune suppression is a very important mechanism in alleviating immunologic injury,and recent study has showed that CD4~(+)CD25~(+) regulatory T cell is an important component of the immune suppression system.This T cell subset has an obvious immune-suppressing effect and produces its effect not by secreting cytokine but contacting cell directly.In this review,we describe the biological characteristics of CD4~(+)CD25~(+) regulatory T cell and its functions in infection immunity.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combination of traditional educational methodology with problem-based learning pedagogy in urology.Method The traditional educational pedagogy of urological tuberculosis was modified by combining with PBL methodology.Result More students were interested and active in this pedagogy.Conclusion The combination of traditional educational methodology with PBL is a helpful pedagogy.

Objective To evaluate the learning curve in percutaneous nephrolithotomy under the guidance of B ultrasonography.Methods From January 2006 to July 2007,totally 60 cases of percutaneous nephrolithotomy were performed under the guidance of B ultrasonography by a single urologist.The patients were divided into 6 groups according to the date of the operation(10 cases in each).The time for setting the renal access and the stone-free rate were compared among the groups.Results The time for setting the renal access was(15.0?2.7),(14.0?2.1),(10.2?1.2),(5.8?0.7),(7.5?1.2),and(6.6?0.9)minutes respectively in group 1 to 6.ANOVA analysis showed significant difference among the groups(F=5.734,P=0.000).Significant difference was detected between groups 1 and 4(q = 5.655,P

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).Methods Between May 2006 and June 2008,110 patients underwent PCNL by a single urological team at our hospital.The clinical data of the patients were retrospectively reviewed.Of the cases,supracostal access(the 11th intercostal space) was made in 62 patients(supracostal group),and subcostal access was obtained in 48 patients(subcostal group).Forty-five patients in the supracostal group(45/62) and 36 of the subcostal group(36/48) received CT three dimensional reconstruction.Results The stone free rate of the supracostal group was 72.6%(45/62),while that of the subcostal group was 60.4%(29/48;?2=1.818,P=0.178).The mean operation time of the supracostal group was(78.6?5.1) min,while that of the subcostal group was(102.4?7.1) min(t=-20.454,P=0.000).There was one patient in each group received blood transfusion.One patient in the supracostal group had pneumothorax and recovered uneventfully by conservative treatments.Conclusion Ultrasonography-guided PCNL via the supracostal approach is effective and safe with short operation time.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of enhancement scan and angiography of dual-source computed tomography (CT) in purulent meningitis.Methods The clinical data,imaging data of enhancement scan and angiography of dual-source CT of 8 cases with purulent meningitis were analyzed retrospectively.Results There was linear or bead-like high intensity enhancement of different degree around the cistern,groove or the cerebral vessels in 6 cases,especially around the basal cistern and ambient cistern; a ring-like enhancement was shown in the temporal lobe in 1 case; fusiform change of the cerebral arteries was shown in angiography of dual-source CT in 2 cases.Conclusion Enhancement scan and angiography of dual-source CT is valuable for early diagnosis of purulent meningitis and improve the diagnosis rate.

Objective To investigate the species and distribution of Mussaenda L. in Guangxi, and provide basis for protecting, developing and utilizing the local plant resources. Methods By field survey, specimens collection and identification and literatures consultion, Mussaenda L. in Guangxi was investigated. Results Mussaenda L. in Guangxi contains 8 species, and the majority of them are Mussaenda pubescens Ait.f and Mussaenda eros Champ. Conclusion The investigation results provide some basis for protection, development and utilization of the resources of Mussaenda L. in Guangxi.

Objective To analyze the features of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of blunt hepatic injury in rabbits. Methods The model of blunt hepatic injury was established in 40 New Zealand white rabbits with a steel ball falling down to the xiphoid process of the animals. Plain CT scan and dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scan (Hispeed spiral CT/2i, GE, America) of the liver were performed. Arterial,portal and balanced phases were respectively at 8-10 s, 35-40 s and 120-150 s after initiation of the contrast medium injection. The non-enhanced and enhanced images were compared in aspects of location and range of injury, tear of the liver capsule, active bleeding, involvement of the main hepatic veins and CT features of abdominal hemorrhage, which was further compared with the results of gross anatomy. Results The rate of plain CT scan was obviously lower than that of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scan,which defined single tear in 13 patients, multiple lacerations in 18, liver subcapsular hematoma in seven,liver hematoma in nine, liver coated gap in 17, active bleeding in nine and main hepatic vein injury in five, with coincidence rates with the results of gross observation for 13/13,18/18,7/9,9/9,25/30,9/5and 5/4 respectively. According to Moore' s classification, CT/Laparotomy performed from grade Ⅰ to grade Ⅵ were 5/4 patients at grade Ⅰ , 15/13 at grade Ⅱ, 9/11 at grade, 5/6 at grade Ⅳ, 1/2 at grade Ⅴ, O at grade respectively. Conclusion Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scan, especially at portal and balanced phases, is of great value for diagnoses of liver injuries and determination of injury severity.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of 100 pesticide residues in Morus alba. METHODS:LC-MS/MS was conducted on the column of ZORBAX Eclipse plus C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile (containing 5% water, 0.1% formic acid,5 mmol/L ammonium formate)- water(containing 0.1% formic acid,5 mmol/L ammonium formate)(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min,column temperature was 40 ℃,injection volume was 5 μl;MS conditions:ionization source was electrospray ionization with positive ion mode,scanning mode was dynamic MRM,scanning time window was 2 min;atomiz-ing gas was nitrogen,atomizing gas pressure was 40 psi,drying gas flow rate was 5 L/min,capillary voltage was 4 000 V,and ion spray voltage was 500 V. RESULTS:The linear range of 100 pesticide residues was 2.4-150 ng/ml(r>0.990 0),recovery was 69.3%-128.2%,and the determination limit was 0.003-16 μg/kg. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproduc-ible,and can be used for the determination of pesticide residues in M. alba.

SUMMARY Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG) was a common treatment for non-muscle inva-sive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The complication of prostatic abscess was rare. We reported a case of tuberculous prostatic abscess after BCG therapy. A 65-year-old man was diagnosed as bladder cancer and accepted transurethral resection of bladder tumor ( TURBT) treatment. He received a 6-week induction course without any infection complication. Following the second BCG maintenance instillation, he complained of fever and dysuria. Transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS) demonstrated a well-defined complex mass in the right lobe of his prostate. The diagnosis of tuberculous prostatic abscess was considered after excluding other bacterial infection. The patient was treated with an anti-tuberculous regimen of isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. The symptoms were relieved after 4 weeks of anti-tuberculous therapy. Be-cause of the good response to the medicine, no further aspiration or drainage of prostatic abscess was car-ried out. The anti-tuberculous therapy had to be stopped for serious drug induced liver injury after 6 weeks of anti-tuberculous therapy. Eight weeks later of stopping anti-tuberculous therapy, the follow-up TRUS showed the disappearance of the prostatic abscess and the test of his liver function was normal. Considering the virulence of BCG is weaker than that of common tuberclebacillus, the shorter course of anti-tuberculous therapy maybe an alternative choice, and surgical drainage is not always necessary.

Objective To compare the histopathologic and immunohistochemical differences between primary renal cell carcinomas and paired bone metastases in order to discuss the significance in the selection of standard targeted therapies.Methods The clinical data of 19 patients who underwent nephrectomy and resection of bone metastases successively from January 2003 to September 2013 were analysed retrospectively.The paraffin-embedded surgical samples of all the patients were obtained for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis.The differences of Fuhrman grades,expression of Ki-67,CD34,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2),epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CXC subfamily receptor 4 (CXCR4) were compared between primary renal cell carcinomas and their paired bone metastases.Microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated by the CD34 immunostaining.Results The Fuhrman grades of samples from bone metastases were higher than that of primary tumors (36.8％,7/19) (P=0.008).The Ki-67 label index was (4.00±3.96)％ in primary tumors and (7.90±7.38)％ in bone metastases (P=0.033).The microvessel density (MVD) was 58.13±22.90 in primary tumors and 46.71±25.40 in the bone metastases (P=0.026).The immunohistochemistry scores of VEGFR2 were 4.68±1.20 in primary tumors and 4.05±1.58 in bone metastases (P=0.014).The immunohistochemistry scores of EGFR were 5.89±1.05 in primary tumors and 5.47± 1.12 in bone metastases (P=0.134).The immunohistochemistryscores of CXCR4 in cytomembrane and cytoplasm were 1.74±1.97 in primary tumors and 2.16± 1.64 in bone metastases (P=0.414).The inununohistochemistry scores of CXCR4 in cell nucleus were 2.52±2.09 in primary tumors and 3.42±1.95 in bone metastases (P=0.009).Conclusions The Fuhrman grades and the expression of Ki-67 and CXCR4 in cell nucleus were higher in bone metastases than that in the primary renal cell carcinomas.The MVD and the expression of VEGFR2 were lower in bone metastases than that in the primary tumors.The above alternations may contribute to the poor prognosis of bone metastasis and the poor result of angiosuppressive therapy.