Glaucoma is a kind of disease with irreversible degeneration of optic nerve and visual field defects,and the mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma has undefined at present;meanwhile,the treatment of glaucoma has not been achieving satisfying outcomes in clinical practices.It has been well known that stem cells have the ability to self-proliferate and differentiate.Recently,with the deepening of stem cell research,it is possible for humans to use stem cells to treat glaucoma.There are two methods of stem cell transplantation for glaucoma:stem cell replacement therapy for trabecular meshwork and retinal ganglion cell replacement therapy,so this article will give a review on the progress of stem cells in the treatment of glaucoma.

Fifty-four patients with greater occipital neuralgia were treated by faceup and rotationally pulling manipulation of cervical vertebra plus acupuncture on Fengchi (GB 20), Tianzhu (BL 10), Anmian (Ex-HN), Jiaji (Ex-B 2, C1 and C2), Naokong (GB 19), Yuzhen (BL 9) and Waiguan (TE 5) and all got effectiveness.

Objective To study the correlation between ?-fibrinogen gene variation (-455G/A) and plasma fibrinogen level and cerebral infarction.Methods 86 hypertension patients with cerebral infarction(infarction group),85 hypertension patients without cerebral infarction(hypertension group) and 90 healthy people(control group) were enrolled in this trial. The polymorphism of ?-fibrinogen gene-455G/A located at the start of transcription from all subjects was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Plasma fibrinogen level was measured with prothrombin time (PT) assay.Results The fibrinogen level in infarction group(4.82?0.26 g/L) was significantly higher than that in control group(4.37?0.19 g/L)( P 0.05).The A-455 allele frequency in infarction group was significantly higher than those in control group and hypertension group (all P 0.05). Conclusion Plasma fibrinogen level is affected by the ?-fibrinogen gene -455G/A polymorphism. The fibrinogen A-455 allele may be an independent risk factor of cerebral infarction.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the domestic wire-reinforced epidural catheter on complications related to anesthesia during labor analgesia.Methods A total of 2 407 parturients,aged 18-40 yr,weighing 50-100 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective operations under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for labor analgesia,were divided into 2 groups using a random number table:comnon epidural catheter group (group Ⅰ,n=1 203) and wirereinforced epidural catheter group (group Ⅱ,n=1 204).After successful epidural puncture,the appropriate amount of local anesthetics was injected into the subarachnoid space,and the corresponding epidural catheter was then inserted,and the depth was 3 em.Paresthesia during catheterization,unexpected catheter displacement,difficult extubation,catheter bending,epidural bleeding,successful insertion at first attempt,successful insertion time,the number of successfully delivered doses and consumption of patientcontrolled analgesia solution were recorded.The patients were followed up after operation for nerve damage.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the incidence of paresthesia during catheterization,unexpected catheter displacement and catheter bending was significantly decreased,the occurrence of epidural bleeding was reduced,the success rate of insertion at first attempt was increased,successful insertion time was shortened,the incidence of difficult extubation was increased (P＜0.05 or 0.01),and no significant change was found in the number of successfully delivered doses,consumption of patient-controlled analgesia solution or incidence of nerve damage after operation in group Ⅱ (P＞0.05).Conclusion Complications related to anesthesia are reduced when the domestic wire-reinforced epidural catheter is used for labor analgesia.

Mitral effective regurgitant orifice area was measured by using color Doppler flow convergenee method,and its value on quantilarian of mitral insufficiency Was evaluated.The results showed that the parameter was correlated well with regurgitant volume,regurgitant fraction,color Doppler jet beginning width and jet area(r=0.89、0.84、0.82 and 0.67 respectively,P<0.001～0,0001).The accurate rate in differentiating mild and moderate from severe mitral regurgitation was 95.7% with the effective regurgitant orifice area≥30mm2.The effective regurgitant orifie area is a good parameter in quantification of naitral insufficiency.

The value of flow convergence and jet parameters in quantification of mitral regurgitation was estimated.The resultS showed that there were excellent correlations between mitral regurgitant flow convergence volume and mitral regurgitant volume,regurgitant fraction(r=0.87～0.93,P<0.0001).The correlations between jet parameters and regurgtant volume,regurgitant fraction were different,jet beginning width:r=0.88 and 0.81(P<0.0001),jet area : r=0.72 and O.50 and 0.61(P<0.05)and the ratio of jet area to left atrial area:r=0.27 and 0.29(P>0.05).The accurate rates of regurgitant flow convergence volume and jet beginning width in differentiating the grades of mitral regurgitation were 91.3～95.7%and 82.6～95.7%respectively.Mitrai regurgitant flow convergence volume is an accurate and reliable parameter in the quantification of mitral regurgitation.Jet parameters are of relative value in semiquantitation of mitral regurgitation,especially the jet beginning width.

Flow convergence is a new method of color Doppler flow quantification.The effect of instrumental settings on flow convergence was investigated in an in-vitro model.The result showed that the flow convergence volume increased from 1.67±1.01 l/min to 2.20±1.35～2.30±1.43 l/min(P< 0.0001)when aliasing limit(same concept as Nyquist frequency)was changed from 23 cm/s to 12cm/s. There was no significant effect on flow convergence volume with the change of other instrumental settings,including Color gain,frame frequency,paket size,transmit power,transducer frequency,etc. Color Doppler flow convergence is influenced by aliasing limit.mainly because that the isovelocity surfaces in acceleration region developed by different aliasing limits are not always in the shape of hemisphere.The result suggested that besides the selection of aliasing limit fits to a hemispherical isovelocity surface,flow convergence is rarely affected by the other instrumental settings,and therefore is a relatively stable parameter of flow quantification.

Objective To introduce a new technique for vascular pedicle elongation in island flap transplantation, and evaluate its clinical results. Methods From February 1994 to October 2001, 16 cases were treated with island flap transplantation with Y-V vascular pedicle elongation technique. There were 10 males and 6 females with the age ranging from 19 to 45 years ( average 26.8 years). The locations of the primary injury were as follows: the fingers in 6 cases, the great toe in 2 cases, the other toes in 2 cases, the knee joint in 3 cases and the proximal tibia in 1 case. The flaps vascularized by a branch of "Y" pattern bifurcation were used. Both branches of "Y" shaped vascular pedicle arising form the same main vessel trunk were dissected, then the main vessel trunk was severed at the division of the branches, the arc of "Y" bifurcations was then turned into "V" pattern, the length of pedicle was significantly elongated than the original pedicle. Results The operative procedures were smooth in the patients, and all of the flaps were successfully transferred, the elongated length of pedicle ranged from 3 cm to 12 cm, with the average length of 6 cm. The transplanted island flaps were rich in blood supply, and the vascular pedicle were not tight. No vascular crisis signs occurred, and the island flaps survived in all patients with stage I of wound healing. The quality and color of the flaps were similar to the skin of receptive area. Conclusion The lengthening technique of Y-V vascular pedicle can enlarge not only the scope of application for island flaps, but also improve the success rate of flap transplantation.

Objective To explore the effects of swan-like memory compressive connector(SMC) made of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy on stress shielding rate, struct ure and mechanical properties as well as the blood flow of cortical bone of expe rimental fracture healing. Methods Mid-shaft osteotomies of bilateral humerus we re performed in 56 rabbits. One side was randomly fixed with SMC, and the other side was plated with a 4-holes dynamic compressive plate (DCP). At 2, 4, 8, 12, 16,and 20 weeks after operations, the humeri in 8 rabbits were harvested. The st ress-shielding rate was measured using axial compressive test in situ samples. T he geometrical structure and bone density were examined by CT scans, and the mec hanical property was assessed by torsion tests. Blood flow was measured in real time using Laser-Doppler flowmetry. The cortical bone perfusion of 16 rabbits wa s measured at 10 time intervals (after periosteotomy, after fracture, instant af ter fixation, at 1, 3, and 7 days, and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively). B lood flow was measured at outer and inner cortical bone beneath the fixation. Si multaneously, anteroposterior radiograph of the humerus was taken. Results The s tress-shielding rate in SMC group was significantly lower than that of DCP group (P

Objective To explore effect of swan-like memory connector (SMC) on bioelectric potential changes during the course of experimental fracture healing and its relation with fracture healing. Methods Bilateral humerus of 33 New Zealand rabbits were osteotomized in midshaft. One random side was fixed with SMC and the other one plated by the four-hole dynamic compression plate (DCP). The bioelectric potential changes of the fractured humerus in eight animals were determined using modified Friedenberg's technique,at eight time intervals (prefracture,postfracture,postfixation immediately,1, 2,4,8 and 12 weeks after surgery). The rabbits were killed at the 1st,2nd,4th,8th and 12th weeks respectively postoperatively and the humerus in 5 rabbits harvested for HE sections. Results The bioelectric potential of fracture site remained invariably negative all the time in the Group SMC. However,the bioelectric potential began to recover from the 2nd week after operation and reached the normal level of prefracture at the 4th week in the Group DCP,with a significant difference compared with the Group SMC ( P