Neurotrophic factors are proteins that play an important role in the development and maintenance of neural networks. They released in the brain's response to injury and in neurodegenerative disorders and took part in the protective process. The fact that they can be used to prevent damage to neurons associated with brain lesions in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders supports the above mentioned hypothesis as well. However, they are proteins that do not easily cross the blood brain barrier. The induction of neurotrophic factors by systemically administered some medicines would be an elegant way to overcome problems of application.

Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection, is a highly deadly zoonotic parasitic disease. As a benzimidazole compound, albendazole has a strong and broad-spectrum anti-parasitic action. For alveolar echinococcosis patients that are unwilling to receive surgical treatment, lose the timing for surgery, or are intolerant to surgery due to poor physical status, administration of albendazole may delay disease progression. Recently, a large number of advances have been achieved in experimental studies on alveolar echinococcosis. In order to increase the understanding of the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole for alveolar echinococcosis, this review summarizes the advances in albendazole treatment for alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the clinical treatment of alveolar echinococcosis with albendazole.

Objective To investigate the effect of short hairpin RNA(shRNA)-mediated pleomorphic adenoma gene like-2 (PALAG2) silencing on the malignant behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its mechanism. Methods Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression level of PLAGL2 in liver cancer tissues and adjacent tissues. Hepatoma cells MHCC97-L were cultured in vitro, the lentiviral vector plasmid PLAGL2-shRNA and control NC-shRNA were constructed, transfected into MHCC97-L cells, and stable transfected strains were selected with puromycin. CCK-8 and Transwell chamber assay detected the proliferation activity and the number of migration and invasion of MHCC97-L cells after silencing PLAGL2. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt proteins. The PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway activator was used to treat MHCC97-L cells to detect cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Results The expression of PLAGL2 was significantly increased in liver cancer tissue (P < 0. 05). Transfection of 9 strains of MHCC97-L cells with PLAGL2-shRNA could significantly reduce the expression level of PLAGL2, and the ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion of MHCC97-L cells was also weakened (P<0. 05), and the expression levels of p-PI3K, and p-Akt were inhibited (P<0. 05), PI3K/ Akt activator could obviously reverse the above phenomenon. Conclusion shRNA lentiviral vector pathway can effectively silence the expression of PLAGL2 gene in hepatocarcinoma cells. Silencing of PLAGL2 can significantly inhibit the malignant behavior of proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of PI3K / Akt signaling pathway activation.

OBJECTIVEThe arrival of precision medicine plan brings new opportunities and challenges for patients undergoing precision diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. With the development of medical imaging, information on different modality imaging can be integrated and comprehensively analyzed by imaging fusion system. This review aimed to update the application of multimodality imaging fusion technology in the precise diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors under the precision medicine plan. We introduced several multimodality imaging fusion technologies and their application to the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors in clinical practice.

DATE SOURCESThe data cited in this review were obtained mainly from the PubMed database from 1996 to 2016, using the keywords of "precision medicine", "fusion imaging", "multimodality", and "tumor diagnosis and treatment".

STUDY SELECTIONOriginal articles, clinical practice, reviews, and other relevant literatures published in English were reviewed. Papers focusing on precision medicine, fusion imaging, multimodality, and tumor diagnosis and treatment were selected. Duplicated papers were excluded.

RESULTSMultimodality imaging fusion technology plays an important role in tumor diagnosis and treatment under the precision medicine plan, such as accurate location, qualitative diagnosis, tumor staging, treatment plan design, and real-time intraoperative monitoring. Multimodality imaging fusion systems could provide more imaging information of tumors from different dimensions and angles, thereby offing strong technical support for the implementation of precision oncology.

CONCLUSIONUnder the precision medicine plan, personalized treatment of tumors is a distinct possibility. We believe that multimodality imaging fusion technology will find an increasingly wide application in clinical practice.

Aim To investigate the effect of silencing circRNA ciRS-7 on cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells and its related mechanism. Methods Cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells HGC-27/DDP were constructed, ciRS-7 was silenced and HGC-27/DDP cells were treated with cisplatin. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of ciRS-7 and microrNA-944 (miR-944). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect cell survival rate. Clone formation assay was used to detect the number of clones. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of CyclinD1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), B-lymphocytoma-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-lymphocytoma-2 (Bcl-2) and cleaved aspartate-specific cysteine proteinase 3 (cleaved-caspase-3). Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis rate. In situ end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptosis index. Dual luciferase assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between ciRS-7 and miR-944. Results CiRS-7 was highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer tissues and cells, while miR-944 was low expressed in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer tissues and cells. The survival rate, clonal formation number, protein expression levels of CyclinD1, PCNA and Bcl-2 in cisplatin-treated HGC-27/DDP cells were significantly reduced by silencing ciRS-7, while ciRS-7 expression level, apoptosis rate, apoptosis index, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 protein expression levels of cisplatin-treated HGC-27/DDP cells were significantly raised. CiRS-7 targetedly inhibited the expression of miR-944. Conclusions Silencing ciRS-7 can reverse cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells, and the mechanism may be related to the promotion of miR-944 expression by silencing ciRS-7.

italic>Cirsium souliei (Asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal herb of Cirsium with important medicinal and ecological values. Here, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of C. souliei based on high-throughput sequencing technology, then assembled and annotated it, and analysed the structure and characteristics of the cp genome. The result indicated that the cp genome of C. souliei was a typical quadripartite circular structure of 152 470 bp in length, and GC content was 37.7%. The cp genome of C. souliei encoded 134 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Meanwhile, we detected 188 simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci in the cp genome, which were mainly composed of mononucleotide repeats. Codon bias analysis showed that leucine (Leu) was the highest amino acids with frequency (10.51%), and there were 30 codons with the value of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) above one, of which mostly ended with A/U. Additionally, the result from phylogenetic analysis based on 46 cp genomes of Carduoideae showed that C. souliei and C. vulgare were sister species, and had the closest relationship with 100% bootstrap within Cirsium. This study provides theoretical basis for future studying genetic diversity, population genetic structure, systematics and evolution, and speciation mechanism.

AIM　To investigated the effect and mechanism of Houttuynium (HOU) on splenectomy animals. METHODS　The models of splenectomy mice and splenectomy rats were made and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, ANAE (+) cell percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes, Con A-induced thymus and groin lymph node lymphocyte proliferation, the amount of lymphocytes of groin lymph node,and T cell subpopulation in peripheral blood were measured. RESULTS　HOU ig (60 mg*kg-1, 120 mg*kg-1) can strikingly enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, ANAE(+) cell percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. strengthened Con A-induced groin lymph node lymphocyte proliferation, raised the amount of lymphocytes of groin lymph node in splenectomy mice. But the effects of them on Con A-induced thymus lymphocyte proliferation were not apparent. HOU ig (40 mg*kg-1, 80 mg*kg-1) improved Th subset, reduced Ts subset, and then modulated the rate of Th/Ts in splenectomy rats. CONCLUSION　HOU strengthened the cellar immune function of splenectomy animals by promoting the compensating capability of lymph node and regulating T cell subpopulation.

OBJECTIVE To develop a new type of piezoelectric immunoglobulin microarray immunosensor for(determination) of immunoglobulin.METHODS The energy converters were 10MHz AT-cut quartz crystals with gold-coated electrodes.The monoclonal antibodies of immunoglobulin were immobilized onto the surfaces of(crystals) gold(electrodes) by SPA to study the best immobilization yield of the antibodies at different condition.Gold-(protein) A complex was highly stable and was believed to be Van der Waals in nature.We did experiments to find the best temperature-time condition about the binding of SPA and the gold surface and to explore the influence(about) the immobilization of antibody by the concentration and the pH of the antibody solution.RESULTS At the same antibody concentration, it had the highest immobilization yield of SPA at a low-temperature-long-time(combination).The most immobilization yield was obtained at the 5mg/ml concentration of antibody solution.The optimum pH for antibody immobilization was 7.2.CONCLUSIONS SPA for the immobilization of antibody is of(simple) operation,and time-saving.It is a good way to immobilize antibody on the gold electric surface of the quartz(crystal).

Objective To study the chemical components from aerial part of Tibetan herbal medicines Biebersteinia heterostemon. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. Results Thirteen compounds were isolated from B. heterostemon and their structures were identified as umbelliferone (1), 5,7,3’-trihydroxy-8,4’,5’- trimethoxyflavone (2), luteolin (3), quercetin (4), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (5), apigenin (6), alternariol (7), luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucoside (8), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (9), (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (10), β-sitosterol (11), 4’-methoxytricetin (12), and 3’,4’,5,8- tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-glucopyranoside (13). Conclusion Compounds 3, 5-7, 10, 11-13 are isolated from B. heterostemon for the first time. Compounds 5, 7, 10, 12, 13 are isolated from the genus Biebersteinia for the first time.

Alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites with many structural types and significant biological activities in natural organisms. As one of the most important active ingredients in medicinal plants, they are characterized by containing nitrogen atoms in chemical structures, most of them have complex cyclic structures, possessing antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral activities, and so on. This review summarizes the structural types of hypoglycemic alkaloids and their mechanisms, which will provide new insights and references for the research on alkaloid hypoglycemic agents discovery, pharmacology, and structure-activity relationship.