Defensin is a cysteine-rich, low molecular weight and cationic antimicrobial peptide. Human breast milk con-tains high level of defensin. The defensin in human breast milk can not only inhibit the growth of various pathogenic microorgan-isms, but also promote the development of infant immune system and reduce the incidence of infantile upper respiratory infection. Nowadays, the roles of defensin in breast milk is more recognized. This paper focuses on the molecular characteristics of human defensin, its antibacterial and antiviral roles, and the latest progress in defensin research.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the important pathological features of HCV infection.IR can accelerate the development of hepatic fibrosis,hepatic steatosis,and HCC and affect the efficacy of antiviral therapy.Therefore,HCV-related IR can be the target of pharmacotherapy during any stage of HCV infection.This article reviews the pathogenesis of IR in patients with hepatitis C,the interaction between them,and the impact of IR on antiviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the growth inhibition and apoptosis of BGC-823 gastric cancer cells induced by Oridonin and its mechanism. METHODS: The Oridonin-treated BGC-823 cells were detected using MTT, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), TUNEL and flow cytometry (FCM) etc. RESULTS: Oridonin(16, 32, and 64 ?g?mL-1) significantly inhibited the proliferation of BGC-823 cells in dose and time dependent manner, with the inhibition rates at 68.5%, 90.8%, and 94.7%, respectively within 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment with 64 ?g?mL-1 Oridnin. When treated with 32 ?g?mL-1 Oridonin for 2 h,mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were proliferated and swelled under TEM; At 8 h,vacuolization of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were noted, the internal structure disappeared, and the nuclear chromatin margination vacuolization were in typical apoptosis change; At 24 h, BGC-823 cells were arrested at G2/M phase, and the apoptosis rate was 37.8% under FCM. CONCLUSION: Oridonin inhibiting proliferation and apoptosis of BGC-823 cells maybe related to G2/M phase arresting, and Oridonin induce apoptosis of BGC-823 cells may through mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis pathway.

Objective To explore the expression of Excision repair cross -completion 1 in non-small cell lung cancer and to analyze its clinical significance .Methods ERCC1 protein expression was detected by IHC method in 160 cases of non-small cell lung cancer tissue .We analyzed relationship between the ERCC 1 ex-pression and clinicopathological parameters of non -small cell lung cancer ,as well as its correlation between ER-CC1 expression and the prognosis .At the same time ,160 cases of intraoperative specimens were primarily cul-tured.The relationship between ERCC1 expression and the drug sensitivity of DDP was analyzed .Results ER-CC1 protein was mainly expressed in the nucleus .ERCC1 protein expression in lung cancer tissue showed no rela-tionship with age,gender,tumor size and pathological types .ERCC1 protein expression was associated with TNM stages and lymph node metastases .High expression of ERCC1was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in pa-tients,indicating that ERCC1 is the independent factor of NSCLC patients .MTT results showed that the positive ex-pression rate of ERCC1 in DDP sensitive groups was higher than in DDP resistant groups .Conclusion ERCC1 is an independent factor influencing the prognosis of non -small cell lung cancer ,and associated with DDP resistance .

Objective To explore the influence of integrated Chinese and western medicine therapy on anxiety,sugar metabolism and subjective well-being for type 2 diabetes Patients associated with anxiety.Methods Use glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc),trait anxiety inventory(TAI),and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) to evaluate the condition of 60 patients with type 2 diabetes associated with anxiety.The patients participated in the study were randomly divided into Western medicine therapy group(control group)and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy group (experimental group),with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with paroxetine while the experimental group was treated with paroxetine plus Jiawei-Xiaoyaowan.6 weeks after treatment,we tested the HbAlc level.TAI score and MUNSH score of those patients.Results After 6 weeks,the TAI score of patients in both experimental group and control group have obviously decreased (before treatment:54.07±6.41 and 56.33 ±6.01,respectively; after treatment:38.89±6.70 and 45.29±6.55,respectively) and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).And the TAI score of the two groups after treatment was significantly different (P＜0.05).For both experimental and control groups,the HbA1e level were not obviously changed before and after the study with P＞0.05 (before treatment:8.14±2.69 and 8.07±2.11,respectively; after treatment:8.21±2.07 and 7.92± 1.90,respectively).Comparison between groups also showed no significant difference.MUNSH score have obviously increased in experimental group (before treatment:40.49±5.22; after treatment:44.53 ± 6.28,P＜0.05).The result of comparison between the two groups after treatment shows that MUNSH score of patients in the experimental group were obviously improved compared with patients in the control group (57.56 ±6.39),and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine therapy can obviously release anxiety and enhance subjective well-being in patients with cerebral infarction associated with anxiety.

Objective To assess the curative effect and safety of endoscopic therapy at duodenum elevated lesions. Methods We retrospectively studied the clinical data including general data, the procedure of performance, the lesions pathological characters, complications and recurrence after the treatment of patients who underwent endoscopic treatment. Results 111 patients of 112 patients were treated by endoscopic treatment successfully, 1 case was treated by surgery. 49 lesions were treated by electrocoagulation, 36 lesions were treated by polypectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 27 by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Complication rate was 16.96%(19/112), 1 case of active bleeding was treated by surgery in hemostasis difficulty. 6 cases of perforation, 2 cases of delayed bleeding, 2 cases of transient increase in amylase level and 1 case of delayed perforation. All the patients were successfully performed. Post-operation follow-up period was 1~12 months. Conclusion Endoscopic treatment holds advantages of minimally invasive, quick recovery, low cost, and less risk which may be play an important role in duodenal elevated lesions.

Objectives To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor ? on skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury (SMIR). Methods Twenty four healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group A underwent anesthesia and external jugular vein cannulation only. Group B underwent 4 hours of left hind limb ischemia followed by 4 hour reperfusion. Group C ischemia and reperfusion were treated with anti TNF ? monoclonal antibody (2?mg/kg). ResultsSMIR significantly increased the transcription of TNF ? mRNA in monocyte. The increased TNF ? raised significantly the level of MDA(9 9?1 8 vs. 5 5?0 4)?CK(122?24 vs. 49?11)?NO(270?98 vs. 128?46) in plasma and MPO(skeletal muscle 4 27?0 53 vs. 1 28?0 19, lung 2 61? 0 12 vs. 0 57?0 02) in tissues respectively( P

Acute ischemic stroke caused by posterior circulation occlusion is extremely dangerous, with a mortality rate of more than 90%.In recent years, mechanical thrombectomy had become an important method in the treatment of acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke, but whether it is effective and safe in the treatment of posterior circulation acute ischemic stroke is not clear.In this paper, the safety and effectiveness of intravascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke with posterior circulation occlusion were reviewed.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To illustrate the effect of methylene blue ( MB) on T-lymphocyte subsets and oxidative stress of the thymus in rats with paraquat ( PQ) poisoning.METHODS: Male SD rats ( n=40) were randomly assigned to 4 groups:normal group, control group, low-dose (2 mg? kg-1? d-1 ) MB group and high-dose (4 mg? kg-1? d-1 ) MB group.After 72 h, the pathological morphological changes of the thymus were observed under microscope with HE staining. The SOD activity and MDA content were measured by colorimetry method.The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, CD4 and CD8 was determined by immunohistochemical method.RESULTS:In MB group, the thymus tissue showed good corticomedul-lary demarcation.MDA content decreased and SOD activity increased, indicating that the ability of antioxidation enhanced. Bcl-2 and Bax expression was down-regulated, Bcl-2/Bax ratio increased, and CD4 positive cells increased.CONCLU-SION:MB protects against oxidative damage induced by PQ, and regulates the distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets in the cortex and medulla, thus relieving the persistent body damage.

Objective To evaluate the effects and the prognosis of beta receptor blocker (metoprolol)dose adjustment of senile patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF)of acute exacerbation,and to provide reference for clinical treatment.Methods 76 cases with chronic CHF in acute exacerbation who treated with beta blockers and other reasonable treatment were randomly divided into half dose group (40 cases)and full stop group (36 cases).After adjusted for 3 months,the clinical symptoms were observed,noninvasive hemodynamic machine was used to detect cardiac index (CI),left cardiac work (LCW),cardiac output (CO)and changes of other indicators. Immunoradiometric analysis was used to detect plasma type B natriuretic peptide (BNP).Results 72h after treatment,in the half dose group,the progression of the disease in 13 cases,improved in 27 cases,in the full stop group,progression in 20 cases,improvement in 16 cases,the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =4.09,P <0.05).Before the adjustment of metoprolol,the index of the two groups had statistically significant difference(χ2 =4.52,P <0.05 ).Compared with pretreatment,the changes of NYHA classification,Co,CI,LCW of the half dose group were not obvious,and he change of NYHA of the full stop group was obvious,,III /IV the progression of the disease the number of cases increased in 5 cases and 3 cases,Co,Ci,LCW were reduced by about 25%,35% and 30%.After the adjustment of metoprolol,BNP of the half dose group was (321.8 ±97.6 )mg/L,which was significantly lower than (422.3 ±139.4)mg/L of the full stop group,the difference was statistically significant (t =3.94,P <0.05 ).Conclusion In the patients with beta blockers combined with other reasonable treatment, CHF patients with acute exacerbation of the beta blockers than the discontinuation of the prognosis,and the safety is high.