The aim of this study was to investigate the hypnosis of the combination of propofol and ketamine. Two hundred healthy Kunming mites were randomly divided into five groups, and each groups included five subgroups receiving five designed doses in turn. Propofol or ketamine was administered in traperitoneally or subcutanously. The combination of propofol and ketamine was given in group Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ, and propofol or ketamine in group Ⅰ or Ⅴ. The abolition of righting reflex lasting 10 seconds served as the parameter for hypnosis The data were treated with algebraic analysis. When the dose ratios of ketamine to propofol were 1 : 1.32, 1 : 5.28 and 1 : 0.33, the combined ED_(50) values were much more lower than those of the theoretical additive ED_(50). The sums of ratios of combined ED_(50) to single ED_(50) were less than 1.0. It is concluded that there is a hypnotic synergism between propofol and ketamine in mice

Objective: To study the acceptable limitation of acute normovolemic hemodilution(ANHD) and its compensatory mechanisms in non-cardiac surgery. Method: In forty adults ASA classⅠ-Ⅱpatients undergoing non-cardiac surgery under general,anesthetic at normal body temperature ANHD was accomplished by exchanging whole blood for 4％ Gelofusine,The Hemotocrit (Hct) were hemodiluted approximately to 28％ (HD_1) preoperatively. Further hemodilution(HD_2,HD_3) was achieved due to intraoperative blood loss which was replaced by 4％ Gelofusine,Arterial and mixed venous blood gases,Plasma lactic acid(LA) were measured, Hemodynamic variables were determined using the thermodilution technique, Oxygen delivery/consumption (DO_2/VO_2) and oxygen extraction ratio (ERO_2)were calculated using standard formula. Results: (1)During the HD_1 (Hct29.16?1.31％ ),and HD_2 (Hct25.34％?1.58％), DO_2 decreased by 14％ and 20％, ERO_2 increased by 14％ and 25％, cardiac index (CI) increased by 9.9％ and 24％ ,respectively,(P

Traumatic rib fractures are the most common injury in thoracic trauma. Previously，the patients with traumatic rib fractures were mostly treated non-surgically，of which 50%，especially those combined with flail chest presented chronic pain or chest wall deformities and over 30% had long-term disabilities，being unable to retain a full-time job. In the past two decades，thanks to the development of internal fixation material technology，the surgical treatment of rib fractures has achieved good outcomes. However，there are still some problems in clinical treatment，including inconsistency in surgical treatment and quality control in medical services. The current consensuses on the management of regional traumatic rib fractures published at home and abroad mainly focus on the guidance of the overall treatment decisions and plans，and relevant clinical guidelines abroad lacks progress in surgical treatment of rib fractures in recent years. Therefore，the Chinese Society of Traumatology affiliated to Chinese Medical Association and Chinese College of Trauma Surgeons affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association，in conjunction with national multidisciplinary experts，formulate the Chinese Consensus for Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Rib Fractures（2021）following the principle of evidence-based medicine，scientific nature and practicality. This expert consensus puts forward some clear，applicable，and graded recommendations from aspects of preoperative imaging evaluation，surgical indications，timing of surgery，surgical methods，rib fracture sites for surgical fixation，internal fixation methods and material selections，treatment of combined injuries in rib fractures，in order to provide references for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures.