Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that severely threatens human health and affects the socioeconomic development. The causative agent that parasitizes in humans mainly involves Schistosoma japonicum,S. mansoni,S. haematobi-um,S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. As the firstly identified schistosome,S. haematobium infection is found to strongly correlate with bladder cancer. This paper mainly reviews the discovery,morphology and life cycle of S. haematobium.

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with empha? sis on infectious source control using a bibliometric method. Methods The literature pertaining to integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control was retrieved from CNKI,Wanfangdata,VIP,PubMed,Web of Sci? ence,BIOSIS and Google Scholar,and a bibliometric analysis of literature captured was performed. Results During the period from January 1,2004 through September 30,2014,a total of 94 publications regarding integrated schistosomiasis control strate? gy with emphasis on infectious source control were captured,including 78 Chinese articles(82.98%)and 16 English papers (17.02%). The Chinese literature was published in 21 national journals,and Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control had the largest number of publications,consisting of 37.23% of total publications;16 English papers were published in 12 interna? tional journals,and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases had the largest number of publications(3 publications). There were 37 affiliations publishing these 94 articles,and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Pre? vention(16 publications),Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control(12 publications)and Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control(9 publications)ranked top three affiliations in number of publications. A total of 157 persons were co?authored in these 94 publications,and Wang,Zhou and Zhang ranked top 3 authors in number of publications. Conclusion The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control has been widely implemented in China,and the achievements obtained from the implementation of this strategy should be summarized and transmitted internationally.

Objective To study the differential diagnostic value of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)in the patients with acute dyspnea.Methods Sixty-two patients in Medical Department of the People's Hospital of Huangpu were included in this study.Patients were divided into two groups:dyspneic patients with heart failure and without heart failure.Thirty healthy cases were selected as the control group.The concentration of serum NT-proBNP,LVEF was determined in all cases.We analyzed the relationship between NT-proBNP and LVEF.Furthermore we analyzed the relationship between NT-proBNP and the NYHA Class.Results LVEF of the control group,dyspneic patients without heart failure and with heart failure was(60.82?5.53)%,(55.92?5.62)% and(40.25?4.85)%.It had significant difference in the control group,dyspneic patients without heart failure and with heart failure(P

Objective To evaluate the mid-term effectiveness of the medium-and-long-term programme of the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province. Methods The programme was carried out in Jiangsu Province and the comprehensive measures relied mainly on snail control, detection and chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock. The mid-term effectiveness of the programme was observed and evaluated longitudinally. Results The coverage rate of snail control areas and the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock rose year after year. The snail areas, the infected snail areas and the infection rate of schistosome for residents and livestock reduced year after year. There were negative correlations between the coverage rates of snail control and the infected snail areas, the number of settings with infected snails, the infection rate of schistosome for residents, the infection rate of schistosome for livestock and the morbidity of acute schistosomiasis, respectively (rInfected snail areas=-0.897,P=0.039;rNo. of settings with infected snail=-0.937,P=0.019;rInfection rate for residents=-0.913,P=0.031;rInfection rate for livestock=-0.991,P=0.001;rMorbidity of acute schistosomiasis=-0.894,P=0.041). There were negative correlations between the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and the infected snail areas, and between the ratio of chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for livestock and the infected snail areas (rRatio of chemotherapy for residents =-0.965,P=0.008;rRatio of chemotherapy for livestock=-0.921,P=0.027). There were negative correlations between the funds of schistosomiasis control and the infection rate of schistosome for residents livestock, respectively (rInfection rate for residents=-0.897,P=0.039;rInfection rate for livestock=-0.971,P=0.006). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that there were the linearity relationships between the infection rate of schistosome for residents and the coverage rates of snail control, and between the infection rate of schistosome for livestock and the coverage rates of snail control, and between the morbidity of acute schistosomiasis and the coverage rates of snail control. Conclusions The effect of the comprehensive strategy of schistosomiasis control which relies mainly on snail control, detection and chemotherapy of schistosomiasis for residents and livestock are remarkable. The snail control and chemotherapy are effective and immediate. The increased funds would be essential guarantee for control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

AIM　To extend the approach of the act ion of ganoderma polysacchride on intracellular signal events in T cells. METHODS　Laser scanning confocal microscope imaging of the calcium and p H fluorescent indicator dye Fluo-3/AM and SNARF-1/AM were used to determine th e kinetic changes of ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i in murine T cells induced b y a ganoderma polysacchride,designated GLB7. RESULTS　It was fou nd that GLB7(20 mg*L-1) could increase ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i at 1 min were 334.7%±16.4%(n=3)、171.6%±10.4%(n=3) respectively. T he increase in ［Ca2+］i induced by GLB7 was due to the influx of extr acellular Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ release through both IP3-se nsitive and IP3-insensitive Ca2+ stores, and increase in ［pH］i indu ced by GLB7 was relative to Na+/H+ exchange systems and ［Ca2+］i. GLB 7 did not influence ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i in murine T cells induced by Con A(3 mg*L-1). CONCLUSION　Stimulation of the increase in ［Ca2+］i and ［pH］i may be an important channel for gano derma polysacchrides to achieve their pharmacological actions.

AIM：To investigated the effects of Ganoderma polysaccthride(GLB7)on protein kinase A(PKA) and protein kinase C(PKC) activitives in murine T cells.METHODS：A new ion-pair reversed-phase high liquid chromatography method was used to determinate the activities of PKA and PKC in T cells.RESULTS：GLB7 could markedly increase the activities of PKA and PKC in murine T cells in a dose-dependent manner.The peak time was at 5 min and 20 min and the activities of PKA and PKC returned to basic level at 20 min and 1.5h respectively.GLB7 could induce translocation of PKC and antagonize the inhibition effect of staurosporine(10μ mol· L-1) on PKC in T cells.CONCLUSION：The immunopotentiating and antitumour effects of Ganoderma polysacchride may be associated with its activation on PKA and PKC in murine T cells.

Objective To design the Internet geographic information system (GIS) on schistosomiasis of Jiangsu Province using the technology of WebGIS. Methods Based on the GIS database of schistosomiasis, the active model of WebGIS on schistosomiasis was developed with the software of ArcIMS. Results The WebGIS of schistosomiasis has been developed and it has been running on the intranet of Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases. The system would manage the geographic database and attribute material database, and it would provide the function of query, display, analysis, statistics, export, etc. Conclusion It is feasible to design the WebGIS of schistosomiasis, which provides the basics of developing the Management Decision Systems of Schistosomiasis of Jiangsu Province.

Objective To understand the distribution,variance and dynamics of Oncomelania snails in the water system of the Bianmin River after the river bank being protected with concrete.Methods The snails in the water system of the Bianmin River were investigated with the systemic sampling method and environmental spot-checking method in spring from 2002 to 2005.The indexes including area with snails,area with infected snails,rate of frames with snails,density of living snails and infection rate of snails in different environments were collected,analyzed and compared year by year.Results From 2002 to 2005,in the main river of the water system of the Bianmin River,irrigation areas and the adjacent marshlands of the Yangtze River,the areas with snails were 20.94-31.88,39.30-48.08 hm2 and 275.13-292.31 hm2,respectively;the rates of frames with snails were 9.96%-21.88%,29.61%-58.54% and 62.14%-85.97%,respectively;the mean densities of snails were 0.97-1.86,0.92-3.96 snails/0.1 m2 and 7.72-11.15 snails/0.1 m2.In 2005,in the main river,irrigation areas and the adjacent marshlands,the rates of frames with snails were 21.88%,39.33% and 83.81%,respectively;the densities of living snails were 1.30,3.96 snails/0.1 m2 and 11.15 snails/0.1 m2.During the last four years,the rates of frames with snails increased quickly in the main river of the water system of the Bianmin River;the densities of snails increased by 4 times in the irrigation areas;the indexes mentioned above were stable in the adjacent marshlands of the Yangtze River.However,the rate of frames with snails in the marshlands was 2-3 times higher than that in the irrigation areas and the mean density of snails in the marshlands was 3-8 times higher than that in the irrigation areas.Conclusions The main factor causing the increase of snails is that the river beach has not been cleaned yet in the water system of the Bianmin River,and so the key of schistosomiasis control is that first,the river beach should be cleaned completely,and at the same time,strengthening the snail control in the irrigation areas and the snail surveillance and snail control with molluscicides in the outfalls of the rivers of the water system of the Bianmin River to the Yangtze River.

Objective To explore and integrate the key techniques used in the surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis in the water regions along the Yangtze River,so as to provide technical support for identifying rapidly the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and implementing control measures targeting the risk. Methods According to the distribution of water systems and water regions along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province,the demonstration sites for surveillance and forecast of schistoso? miasis were set across the province,where the integration and demonstration of the techniques regarding monitoring of Schistoso?ma japonicum infection in sentinel mice,human and animal activities,release of forecast information,and emergency treat?ment of water regions at risk of infection were performed. The pattern of human and animal activities was compared with the S. ja?ponicum infection in sentinel mice in the demonstration sites,and the operability of the release of information and emergency treatment of the risk of S. japonicum infection was evaluated. Results A total of 50 demonstration sites for surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis were set in fixed anchor points,opening of the navigation lock to the Yangtze River,freight terminal, agritainment places,ferry,large construction places,and places for guaranteeing the Youth Olympic Games in 23 counties(dis?tricts)of 5 cities,Jiangsu Province. During the period between May and September,2014,the infectivity of water body was monitored by using 5 batches of sentinel mice,with a 99.06%(4 954/5 001)gross recovery rate of mice. S. japonicum infection was detected in a demonstration site,and an infected mouse was found,with a 0.02%(1/4 933)gross positive rate of sentinel mice. The field survey showed 2 088 person?times contacting water,including 91.95%(1 920/2 088)contacting water due to the production such as capturing fish,harvesting and cultivating crops,and repairing and building boats,and 8.05%(168/2 088)contacting water due to the life activity,such as fishing,washing vegetables and playing with water. The people contacted water predominantly in August and September(49.57%). A total of 859 boats containing 1 877 boatmen were observed,68.22%(586/859)of which were fishing boats containing 1 306 fishermen(69.58%). There were 32 sheep found in 4 demonstration sites,and 3 sheep were seen in the demonstration site with infected sentinel mouse. Four blue forecasts(emergence of water con?tact)and one orange forecast(S. japonicum?infected sentinel mouse detected)were released across the province,with one fore?cast map released which showed 5 sites with fishing and one site with sheep grazing,one emergency response system initiated, mollusciciding implemented in 10 hm2 high?risk regions,120 sheep grazed in fence,and 35 fishermen given health?education materials,schistosomiasis examination and preventive therapy. In addition,no acute schistosomiasis occurred in the demonstra?tion site with S. japonicum?infected sentinel mice. Conclusions The integration and demonstration of the techniques regarding monitoring of S. japonicum infection in sentinel mice,human and animal activities,release of forecast information,and emer?gency treatment of water regions at risk of infection provides an effective approach for the large?scale surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and changes of Oncomdania snail distribution in regions with different epidemic types and degrees of Jiangsu Province,so as to provide the evidence for implementing the feasible schistosomiasis control strategy.Methods A retrespeetive survey was performed,and the 5-year database of snail status in Jiangsu Province was established based on the collected reports of snail habitat cards and schistosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2008.The changes of snail areas,infected snail aroas,infection rates of snails in different years were analyzed,and tIIe annual vailations of snail areas,infected snail areas and infection rates of snails in areas with different epidemic types and degrees were eomparedI Results The actual snail areas and infected snail areas decreased by 3 799.86 hm~2 and 2 006.35 hm~2.respectively in Jiangsu Province.2006-2008.with the annual meaan decreasing rates of 9.64% and 18.83%.Among them,the actual snail areas in marshland and lake regions,water net regions and mountainous regions decreased by 3 546.10.209.19 hm~2 and 44.57 hm~2,respectively,with the annual meall decreasing rates of 9.59%,10.29% and 11.18%,respectively.An area of 22.02 hm~2 of new snail habitatswas detected during the 5 years,and thewater net regions accounted for 89.24%.Theproportions of actual snail areas in historical snail ale,as were between 2.77% and 5.36%.Among them.the proportions of actual snail areas in historical accumulative snail area8 in transmission-uncontrolled.trailsmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 13.29%-22.82%,0.88%-3.54% and 0.14%-0.32%,respectively,and there were significant differences among them(P<0.01).The constituent ratios of the actual snail areaswere 93.79%-95.60%.3.67%-5.45% and 0.73%-1.01%, respectively in marshland and lake regions,water net regions and mountainous regions from 2004 to 2008.The infection rate of snails in Jiangsu Province reduced from 0.15% in 2004 to 0.02% in 2008,with a reduction rate of 85.50%(P<0.01).The constituent ratios of infected snail areas in transmission-uncontrolled, transmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 98.15%-100%,0-0.81%, and 0-1.43%,respectively.Conclusions As a whole,there is a decreasing tendency of snail areas and infected snail areas in Jiangsu Province.and the snail control has been consohdated step by step in transmission-interrupted areas.The effective control of snails in marshland and lake regions and infected snails in transmission-uncontrolled areas are the key points in the future schistosomiasis control of Jiangsu Province.