Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that severely threatens human health and affects the socioeconomic development. The causative agent that parasitizes in humans mainly involves Schistosoma japonicum,S. mansoni,S. haematobi-um,S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. As the firstly identified schistosome,S. haematobium infection is found to strongly correlate with bladder cancer. This paper mainly reviews the discovery,morphology and life cycle of S. haematobium.

A total of 13 allozymes of 7 populations of Oncomelania snails trom 7 provinces in the mainland China were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Results demonstrated that out of 17 loci examined, 10 were monomorphic loci: Aldh,Ao,G6pd ,Gpdh,Hbdh,Ldh, Sdh,Est-2,Est-3,and Est-6,and 7 were polymorphic loci:Est-4,Est-5,Xdh,Mdh,Idh,Got and Ap. Banding pattern showed that six enzymes were polymorphic accounting for 46.15 % (6/13) of total enzyme systems examined. Results indicated that a certain of relative relation-ship was existed along with the significant variation presented based on their environment and location among the 7 populations of snails from the mainland of China. It was revealed that the 7 polymorphic loci were the important loci affecting the gentic variation in the differ-ent populations of Oncomelania spp.

The surveillance of schistosomiasis in Sanzhou Village, Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, a national schistosomiasis surveillance site, showed that in 2008, the area with snails was 27 hm~2, among which the area with infected snails was 14 hm~2, the densities of living snails and infected snails were 0. 86 and 0.002 1 snails/0. 1 m~2, respectively. The infection rate of snails was 0.25% , the positive rate of IHA was 3. 10% and the infection rate of schistosome in human populations was 1%. There were no infected domestic animals found, and there were no acute schistosomiasis and newly advanced schistosomiasis cases found in the surveillance site in 2008. It is indicated that the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is stable. The comprehensive control, including molluciciding and environmental modification, should be implemented for snail control. The comprehensive measures with emphasis on infectious source control should be further strengthened.

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with empha? sis on infectious source control using a bibliometric method. Methods The literature pertaining to integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control was retrieved from CNKI,Wanfangdata,VIP,PubMed,Web of Sci? ence,BIOSIS and Google Scholar,and a bibliometric analysis of literature captured was performed. Results During the period from January 1,2004 through September 30,2014,a total of 94 publications regarding integrated schistosomiasis control strate? gy with emphasis on infectious source control were captured,including 78 Chinese articles(82.98%)and 16 English papers (17.02%). The Chinese literature was published in 21 national journals,and Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control had the largest number of publications,consisting of 37.23% of total publications;16 English papers were published in 12 interna? tional journals,and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases had the largest number of publications(3 publications). There were 37 affiliations publishing these 94 articles,and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Pre? vention(16 publications),Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control(12 publications)and Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control(9 publications)ranked top three affiliations in number of publications. A total of 157 persons were co?authored in these 94 publications,and Wang,Zhou and Zhang ranked top 3 authors in number of publications. Conclusion The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control has been widely implemented in China,and the achievements obtained from the implementation of this strategy should be summarized and transmitted internationally.

Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. The elimination of Oncomelania snails is the key technique step for schistosomiasis control. This paper summarizes the progress of the techniques of snail control，including the methods of ecology engineering，biology，molluscicides and the study on novel molluscicides，and reviews their features. In addition，this paper explores the appropriate approach to control the snails.

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect and the using value of qiangluocide powder by dusting in the fields. Methods The two different ways of dusting with qiangluocide and spraying with luomiecide for controlling snails were compared in the fields, and the cost-effectiveness was analysed. Results The corrected mortalities and the reduced rates for density of snails were 88.48%, 96.26%, 96.96%, 95.67%, and 87.58%, 95.40%, 96.14%, 96.67%, respectively, on the marshland in Longtan, Nanjing, 73. 65% , 98. 31% , 99. 22% , 99. 26% and 69. 30% , 98.14%, 98.84%, 98. 60% , respectively, on the marshland in Yizheng, Yangzhou, on 1 d, 3d, 7 d, 15 d after dusting with qiangliocide power; and those on 1d, 3d, 7d, 15d after the spraying with luomiecide were 69.15%, 88.01%, 86.46%, 85.56% and 75.27%, 84.99%, 87.50%, 87.96% on the marshland in Longtan, Nanjing, 18.70%, 63.11%, 1.25%, 12.60% and 34. 88% , 89. 02% , 45.37% , 46. 59% , respectively, on the marshland in Yizheng, Yangzhou. The st of dusting with qiangluocide powder was 0. 20 yuan/m2, and that of spraying with luomiecide as 0. 21 yuan/m2 for snail control in the fields. The costs of reduced one percentage for the cor rected mortalities and the density of snail were 6. 27-10. 07 yuan and 6. 21-10. 14 yuan, respectively, on 15 d after dusting with qiangluocide power and those on 15 d after spraying with luomiecide were 7. 36-83. 33 yuan and 7. 16-22. 54 yuan , respectively. Conclusion The dusting with qiangluocide powder is a promising new formulation, which is suitable for the areas without water resource and possessed of high effectiveness against snails. The method ofdusting with qian-gluocide powder for controlling snails is simple, convenient, cheap and easy to be carried out for the inspection and quality control.

0.05). There were significant differences among 3- or 6- or 9- or 12-hour groups and 24- or 36-hour groups in 6, 13 ℃ and 28 ℃ respectively (P

Objective To understand the effect of Schistosoma japonicum infection on Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Uninfected Oncomelania snails were collected from the marshland of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province and exposed to and infected with miracidia of S.japonicum in the laboratory. After the exposure, those snails and unexposed snails as the control were raised in the natural environment of the same field and all the snails were observed and recorded every 10 days. The survival rate and death rate were calculated, and expected survival time was also calculated with the animal life table method. Results The peak of death of the infected snails was between 60 and 70 days after the exposure, and the expected survival time was 63.46 days and the longest survival time was 135 days. The peak of death of the unexposed snails was between 80 and 90 days, and the expected survival time was 83.54 days and the longest survival time was 155 days. The expected survival time of the infected snails was 24.04% shorter compared with that of the uninfected. Conclusion The death rate of snails infected with S.japonicum increases and the survival time decreases in the natural environment.

Objective To explore the rela ti onship between the environmental temperature and the oxygen demand of [WT5” BX]Oncomelania snails, and the relationship between the hiber nation or aestivation and the oxygen demand of snails.Me thods The oxygen demand of Oncomelaniasnails between 0 ℃ and 40 ℃ was determined by increasing the temperature gradually in lab, the relationship between the environmental tempera ture and the oxygen demand, and the correlative relationship between the oxygen demand and the percentage of snails in hibernation or aestivation were analysed. Results The oxygen demand increased as the tem perature rose between 1 ℃ and 36 ℃, and the regression equation between the oxygen demand and the variation of environmental temperature was [WT5”BX ]=6.6?10 -5-3?10 -6x+4.4?10 -6x2-8?10 -8x 3(R2=0.998,F=2775,P

Objective To evaluate the impact of the project diverting the Yangtze River water to the Northern Jiangsu on transmission towards the north of Oncomelania hupensis snails, in order to provide the scientific basis for the South-North Water Diversion Project (east route). Methods The running situation of the water diversion project, the data on hydrology of the waterway and the distribution of snails and schistosomiasis were investigated with the methods of epidemiology、hydrology and field test. Results There was no significant correlation between the region of waterhead and water supply on the change of snail areas. There was no significant correlation between the snail areas of the region of water supply and the volume of water diversion, either. The snail habitat was stable at the Gaoyou segment along the Grand Canal. The snail habitat in the natural place of the north of 33?15′ north latitude on the east route has not been discovered yet. Conclusion There is no sign of transmission towards north on the snail habitat at the Gaoyou segment along the Grand Canal since the project was constructed in 1961. There is no evidence that the project leads to the spread of snails and schistosomiasis, either.