To analyze features of the rabies epidemic in China between 2007 and 2011,identify factors influencing the epidemic and to provide a scientific basis for further control and prevention of rabies,Descriptive epidemiological methods and statistical analysis was used on data collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System between 2007 to 2011 and the National Active Surveillance System between 2007 and 2010.Our analysis shows that while the number of human rabies cases decreased year by year,the number of districts reporting cases did not show significant change.The situations in Guangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou and Hunan provinces clearly improved over the period but they remain provinces with high-incidence,and consequently influence the epidemic situation of surrounding provinces and possibly the whole country.Summer and autumn were high-incidence seasons.Farmers,students and pre-school children represent the high-risk populations,and rates of cases in farmers increased,those for students decreased,and pre-school children remained unchanged.Provinces with active surveillance programs reported a total of 2346 individual cases,of which 88.53％ were associated with canines.Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of rabies cases was not significantly improved,whereas PEP in post-exposure population was good.In rural regions of China,canine density was reduced somewhat,and the immunization rate increased slightly.Finally we show that while the epidemic decreased 2007 to 2011 in China,cases continued to be diffused in certain regions.Lack of standardization of PEP on rabies cases was the main reason of morbidity.The high density and low immunization of dog in rural areas and the defective situation of PEP are still continuous occurrences in China and remain a cause for concern.

The optimum culture conditions for Acetobacter xylinum NUST4 which produces bacterial cellulose(BC) were obtained by uniform design method.BC production was dependent on MgSO_(4)?7H_(2)O,FeSO_(4)?7H_(2)O and cosubstrates such as p-aminobenzoic acid,nicotinamide,d-Biotin and ethanol.The optimal medium contained glucose 24g,sucrose 22g,peptone 16g,HAc 2.4mL,Na_(2)HPO_(4)?12H_(2)O 3.5 g,KH_(2)PO_(4)?H_(2)O 1 g,MgSO_(4)?7H_(2)O 6 g,FeSO_(4)?7H_(2)O 0.015g,nicotinamide 0.003 g,d-Biotin 0.02g and ethanol 20mL in 1L culture medium.BC yield reached 9.87g(the dried weight) in stationary culture for 7 days,which was 12-fold higher than that in the S-H medium.

Objective To establish a new method for determination of resorcinol in waste water. Methods The chemical luminescent reaction of KMnO4 and resorcinol in acid solution was studied by flow injection analysis. The related factors affecting chemical luminescent intensity were explored. The method for determination of resorcinol was established by flow injection analysis with chemical luminescence detection. Results The detection limit and linear range were 0.06?g/ml and 0.2-80 ?g/ml respectively. The relative standard deviation of 1.3% was obtained by 11 parallel determinations of 4.0?g/ml resorcinol. Conclusion This method was satisfactorily applied to determination of resorcinol in waste water.

AIMTo validate the abundance of Interleukin 8 receptor beta (IL-8Rbeta) mRNA in single human neutrophil.

METHODSHuman neutrophils were isolated and purified from volunteers, total RNA was extracted and a regular RT-PCR aiming at IL-8Rbeta mRNA was performed to ascertain its expression profile in human neutrophils and optimize the reaction conditions for the following single-cell RT-PCR procedures. Subsequently, single neutrophil or the cellular content was harvested to conduct reverse transcription and two-round PCR with the same primer pairs used before. Serial dilution of single neutrophil cDNA pool was carried out at the same time with the exact two-round PCR followed. The specificity of this single-cell RT-PCR procedure was verified by the BamHI restriction endonuclease digestion on the final cDNA products.

RESULTSRegular RT-PCR indicated IL-8Rbeta mRNA expression in human neutrophils. While single-cell RT-PCR was sensitive enough to detect trace IL-8Rbeta mRNA as predicted cDNA product could be amplified from a 10 000 times diluted intracellular specimen from single neutrophil, which indicated an abundant expression of this mRNA in human neutrophil. Moreover, BamHI digestion on the final cDNA product clarified the specificity of this single-cell RT-PCR procedure.

CONCLUSIONThis simplified semi-quantitative single-cell RT-PCR procedure specifically confirmed that IL-8Rbeta mRNA was highly expressed in human neutrophil, which also provided the possibility of comparing mRNA abundance at single cell level.

Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; chemistry ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Receptors, Interleukin-8B ; analysis ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Single-Cell Analysis ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of endoscopic combined ultrasound-guided access (EUGA) with the conventional ultrasound-guided access (UGA) to achieve percutaneous renal access in endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS). METHODS: A retrospective review of 53 patients undergoing ECIRS to treat upper urinary tract calculi between January 2017 and October 2019 was con-ducted. All of the cases were of complex upper urinary tract stones larger than 2 cm in diameter. The com-plex stone situations, such as multiple renal calyces calculi or staghorn calculi necessitated ECIRS. Under general anesthesia, the patients were placed in the galdakao-modified supine valdivia (GMSV) position, thus allowing both antegrade and retrograde accesss. The patients were divided to UGA and EUGA groups according to the protocol of achieving percutaneous renal access. In 28 cases, endoscopic combined ultrasound-guided accesss were obtained. Puncture and dilation were performed under direct flexible ureteroscopic visualization, while percutaneous renal access of 25 cases were performed with the conventional technique employing ultrasound guidance. Demographic and perioperative information, such as stone burden, presence of hydronephrosis and number of calyces involved was compared. Primary outcomes included total operative time, renal access time, repeat puncture, hemoglobin level, perioperative complications, and stone-free rate. RESULTS: No major intra-operative complication was recorded in all the 53 ECRIS. No significant difference was observed between the groups in age and gender. There was no significant difference in body mass index[BMI (29.21±3.14) kg/m² vs.(28.53±2.56) kg/m²], stone burden (37.68±6.89) mm vs. (35.53±6.52) mm, number of calyces involved 2.72±0.68 vs. 2.86±0.71, presence of hydronephrosis (56.0% vs. 46.4%), total operative time (93.0±12.2) min vs. (96.8±14.2) min, hemoglobin level reduction (6.56±2.16) g/L vs. 97.54±2.64) g/L, stone-free rate (92.0% vs. 92.8%), hospital stay (5.52±0.59) d vs. (5.64±0.62) d, perioperative complication rate (8.0% vs. 7.2%). Two patients in EUGA group experienced perioperative complications (one urinary tract infection and one hematuria) while two patients in UGA group experienced perioperative urinary tract infection. None in both groups received blood transfusion. The patients undergoing EUGA had shorter renal access time [(4.0±0.7) min vs. (6.8±2.6) min, P < 0.01] and less repeat puncture (0 vs. 4 cases, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION EUGA is an optimal technique to establish percutaneous renal access in ECIRS, which minimizes access time and repeated procedures.
Humans ; Kidney Calculi ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography, Interventional ; Ureteroscopy

Objective To learn the smoke-free environment and smoking status at or below county-level governments of Zhejiang Province, and to promote a smoke-free government.Methods By multi-stage random sampling method, 4 cities were selected in Zhejiang Province, then 4 counties were selected in 4 cities, finally12 governments were selected in 4 counties.With the methods of field observation,interview and questionnaire survey,smoke-free environment and smoking behavior , tobacco related knowledge of civil servants were investigated.Results A total of 12 governments and 405 civil servants were investigated.The smoke-free environment of 12 governments were relatively well.The total smoking rate of civil servants was 17.78%, and the highest was 26.67% in Jiande City, and the lowest were 9.00% in Zhuji City.For the civil servants ,male(26.62%), aged 50-(40.74%),divorced or widowed(40.00%),graduation of technical secondary school (33.33%),cadre of section rank(57.14%),above 20 years' work(28.81%),smoking anywhere at home(50.00%), smoking in certain areas at work(22.95%)were significantly higher.The rate of cognition on the hazards of smoking was lower among the smokers than that of non-smokers (P<0.05).The rate of agreement on MPOWER tobacco control strategies and smoking bans in public places were lower among the smokers than that of non-smokers (P<0.05).Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that age of 30-39(OR=9.87,95%CI:1.45-67.29),50-(OR=9.87,95%CI:1.45-67.29), smoking anywhere at home(OR=12.28,95%CI:2.95-51.18),and smoking in certain areas at home(OR=6.57,95%CI:3.07-14.08) may be the risk factors about smoking behavior.Conclusion The situation of smoking control at or below county-level governments in Zhejiang Province was good, and smoking rates has declined.But tobacco related knowledge and behavior of civil servants were relatively insufficient.Aiming at the problems found in the investigation, it is necessary to strengthen education on smoking control among civil servants, and to promote a smoke-free government.

Objective To understand the related factors of rabies epidemic and provide the basic data for rabies control and prevention in China by statistic and retrospective analysis of rabies surveillance data in 2010.Methods We used descriptive epidemiology method and statistic analysis to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in 2010 of China.Results 2048 rabies cases were rabies cases were reported in 817 counties (districts) in 2010,which dropped 7.46％ compares to 2009.The incidences in children and elder people were high; farmers are main occupation of the cases,the male to female ratio of the cases was 2.44:1.Children and older people are higher acquired rabies than other age population.640 cases reported through national rabies sentinel surveillance system,87.50％ cases were caused by exposed to dogs,bite was the main exposure reason.The situation of deposing wounds was poor,and the use of vaccine was still low in individual cases,but in the rabies clinic cases under surveillance,the vaccine usage can reach 98％,the usage of immunoglobulin (RIG) or anti-serum for category Ⅲ exposure in either group cases was not high.Conclusion The epidemic of the rabies in 2010 was eased,Out-patient post-exposure prophylaxis was in good station,but there are still lots of problem existed: post-exposure prophylaxis of individual case was not desirable yet.

OBJECTIVETo observe the changes in the activity of dendritic cells (DCs) after carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) gene transfection mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus type2 (rAAV) and tumor cell lysate.

METHODSImmature DCs isolated from peripheral blood monocytes of HLA-A11-positive healthy volunteers were infected with the rAAV carrying CEA gene or loaded with tumor cell lysate. The surface markers of the DCs such as CD40, CD 1alpha, and CD86 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the supernatants of DCs and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) released by the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were determined by ELISA detection kit. The specific killing activity of CTL against LoVo cells was assessed by MTT assay.

RESULTSThe DCs following antigen loading with the two methods both highly expressed CD40, CD86 and IL-12, and induced specific CTL that specifically recognized and killed LoVo cells, but the killing effect resulting from rAAV infection of the DCs was much better than that induced by tumor cell lysate loading.

CONCLUSIONBoth methods of antigen loading can induce mature DCs from peripheral blood monocyte cells, but rAAV infection of the DCs can be more effective than tumor cells lysate loading. DCs infected with rAAV may have the potential to serve as an adjuvant immunotherapy for patients with colorectal carcinoma.

B7-2 Antigen ; metabolism ; CD40 Antigens ; metabolism ; Cancer Vaccines ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; therapy ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; metabolism ; Dependovirus ; genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Interleukin-12 ; metabolism ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of nutritional status on postoperative outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODSData of 289 colorectal cancer patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Putian Medical College between January 2006 and December 2009 were collected prospectively. Nutritional status was evaluated according to Reilly Nutrition Risk Score(Reilly NRS) and Nutrition Risk Screening 2002(NRS-2002).

RESULTSThe postoperative mortality was 3.5%(10/289) and the complication rate was 29.4%(82/297). Patients were stratified into those at nutrition risk(n=89) and those not at risk(n=200) according to Reilly NRS and the two groups were similar in mortality rate(5.6% vs. 2.5%, P>0.05) and complication rate(36.1% vs. 26.5%, P>0.05). When stratified using NRS-2002, patients at nutritional risk(n=105) had a similar mortality rate (5.7% vs. 2.2%, P>0.05) but a higher complication rate(38.4% vs. 24.4%, P<0.05). NRS-2002 remained as an significant predictor of postoperative complications(P=0.007, OR=3.14, 95% CI:1.63-6.29) on multivariable logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONAs a nutritional evaluation tool, NRS-2002 may predict postoperative complication for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Postoperative Complications ; mortality ; Preoperative Care ; Risk Assessment

Objective To observe apelin and its receptor (APJ) expressions in human osteoblasts and evaluate the effect of apelin on osteoblasts.Methods The expressions of apelin and APJ in human osteoblasts were tested by RT-PCR and Western blot.After human osteoblasts were treated with apelin,cell proliferation was measured by [~3H] thymidine incorporation and cell counting.Cell function was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity,the secreted osteocalcin level and typeⅠcollagen production .The activation of signaling cascades was tested by Western blot.Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) to blockade APJ was applied to observe effects of apelin on cell proliferation and the activation of signaling cascades.Results Both apelin and APJ were expressed in human osteoblasts.Apelin increased the proliferation and did not show the influences on ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and type I collagen production in human osteoblasts.Apelin induced activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) downstream effector (Akt),but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) such as c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK),p38 and ERK1/2 in human osteoblasts.Suppression of APJ with siRNA or LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) abolished the apelin-induced cell proliferation and the activation of Akt.Conclusion Human osteoblasts express apelin and APJ.Apelin stimulates the proliferation of human osteoblast via APJ/PI3K/Akt pathway,but has no effect on osteoblast differentiation.