OBJECTIVE:To summarize our experience and limitations in domestic training of clinical pharmacists to provide references for the training of talents.METHODS:A retrospective statistics was conducted on the number of clinical pharmaceutical papers published during 1994～2005 and the dynamic series of papers published by clinical pharmacists were given an analysis,meanwhile a meta-analysis was conducted from aspects of the developing of related profession,transformation of concepts,state laws and regulations,local policies,the training of pharmacists in institution of higher learning or among the in-service staff,as well as the practice of pharmacists etc.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Gratifying results have been achieved in the training of pharmacists in China,yet there are still limitations.The construction of pharmacists' team should be sped up from multiple angles.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the application of PASS system in the monitoring of rational clinical drug use in our hospital.METHODS:PASS was used to monitor a total of 440 000 medication orders from Aug.7 to Nov.6 in 2006 in our hospital and the monitoring data were analyzed statistically by means of Excel.RESULTS:The black light flashed 628 times,and revision was done for 494 times;the red light flashed 16 134 times,and revision was done for 7 740 times;the orange light flashed 122 926 times,and revision was done for 57 867 times.In this study,irrational use phenomena occurred repeatedly in several kinds of drugs such as vitamin C,phenobarbital,atropine etc.CONCLUSION:PASS has greatly contributed to the reduction of occurrence of irrational use of drugs ever since its application,but some problems related to software remain to be improved further.

Objective Discuss and analyze Staphylococcusaureus in isolation and drug resistance in patients with pediatric re-spiratory infection,providing guidelines for clinical treatment on the control of infection.Approaches collect 5 413 cases of respiratory tract infection from Jan.2013 to Dec.2014 in patients (including pediatrics neonatology)with sputum specimens, applying MicroScan-As4 automated Microbes Identification analyzer to identify and test drug sensitiveness of the separated strains,using Whonet 5.6 for statistical analysis.Results 1 540 strains of 29 different pathogenic bacteria were isolate from pediatric patients with respiratory tract infection,among which there were 336 strains (21.82%,336/1540)of Staphylococ-cus aureus (SAU,S.aureus),more than 1/5 of the total of pathogenic bacteria.And the isolation rate of pediatric respiratory tract infection accounted for 6.2 1%,significantly higher than that of other pathogenic bacteria isolation rate (with the excep-tion of Haemophilus influenzae>5%,the rest all<5%).In all detected SAU,methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)occpied 59 strains (17.56%,59/336),which indicated that SAU played a leading place in patients with pediatric respiratory infection.The antimicrobial drug resistance rate of SAU against vancomycin,Nai thiazoleamine,daptomycin,and Quinupristin was 0,whereas to other antibiotics it showed different degrees of resistance.The drug resistance rate of MRSA to penicillin and ampicillin,oxacillin,ampicillin/sulbactam,amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefazolin,ceftriaxone was 100%,to erythromycin,clindamycin over 50%,to other antimicrobial resistance in low resistance.Conclusion There were more SAU in children with respiratory infection;especially MRSA bears multi drug resistance.Therefore,the monitoring of drug resist-ance of Staphylococcus aureus should be strengthened,and antimicrobial drugs should be rationally chosen according to the results of drug sensitive test for individuals,so that resistant strains can be under effective control and kept being reduced from emergence.

ObjectiveTo study the effect of early rehabilitation nursing on secondary disturbance in hemiplegics after stroke.Methods140 patients were randomly divided into two groups , rehabilitation nursing group (70 cases) and control group (70 cases). Patients in the rehabilitation nursing group were given clinical treatment and regularly convalescent nursing, while those in control group were given clinical treatment and unguided self-training. Evaluation was performed in pre-treatment and 12 weeks post-treatment respectively.ResultsSecondary disturbance rate in the rehabilitation nursing group was significant lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). The motor scores and ADL scores measured by Barthel Index in both groups raised after 12 weeks treatment, but the scores in the early rehabilitation nursing group were obviously superior to those in the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionEarly rehabilitation nursing for hemiplegics afte sroke may prevent or lessen the secondary disturbance, as well as obviously improve motor function of the limbs and ADL.

0.05).The relative bioavailability of the lecithin-bound iodine capsules was 117.4%.CONCLUSION: The test and reference preparations of iodized lecithin were bioequivalent.

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of high-frequency ultrasound in assessment of the therapeutic efifcacy of traditional Chinese medicine in patients with breast dysplasia using.MethodsFrom March to September in 2014, 50 patients with breast dysplasia in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were enrolled in the study. In addition, they were treated with Xiaozheng pills. Before and after treatment, these patients were examined using ultrasound. The thickness of the breast gland layer in each patient was measured. When the dilated ducts lactiferous, cysts, hypoechoic areas, or nodules of the breast were detected, the diameter or volume was measured or calculated. A grading system of the breast dysplasia was used to evaluate the disease degree, and the quadrants of the breast dysplasia were counted. The thickness of the breast gland layer, the volume of cysts and nodules, the diameter of hypoechoic areas and the dilated ducts lactiferous, the number of the breast dysplasia were compared with the pairedt-test. The grading of the breast dysplasia was compared with rank sum test.ResultsThere were significant decreases in the thickness of the grand layer, the diameters of the ducts lactiferous and the hypoechoic area after treatments [(15.92±4.73) mm vs(13.02±4.20) mm,t=2.240,P<0.01; (2.26±0.58) mm vs (1.71±0.47) mm,t=5.202,P<0.01; (21.14±5.57) mm vs(17.80±4.63) mm,t=5.529,P<0.01]. However, there were no significant differences in the volume of cysts and nodules. The grading of the breast dysplasia showed statistical difference (z=-5.667,P<0.01), and the number of the breast dysplasia quadrants was reduced markedly (5.38±1.85 vs3.28±1.97,t=7.566,P<0.01).ConclusionsUltrasound can be an effective method in assessment of patients with breast dysplasia treated with the traditional Chinese medicine. The assessment can be based on some signs, including the thickness of the grand layer, the diameters of the ducts lactiferous, and the diameters of the hypoechoic area. The grading system and breast quadrants counting in these patients may be added as supplementary criteria to make a complete therapeutic evaluation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound?guided transversus abdominis plane ( TAP) block with different concentrations of ropivacaine for analgesia after cesarean section. Methods A total of 120 parturients, aged 24-31 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ or Ⅱ, weighing 64-73 kg, at 35 to 41 week gestation, scheduled for elective cesarean section, were randomly di?vided into 3 groups ( n= 40 each) using a random number table: 0?25% ropivacaine group ( group Ⅰ) , 0?20% ropivacaine group ( groupⅡ) , and 0?15% ropivacaine group ( groupⅢ) . A patient?controlled an?algesia pump was connected at the end of surgery, and the corresponding concentration of ropivacaine 1?5 mg∕kg was injected into the bilateral TAP under the guidance of ultrasound in each group. Visual analogue scale score was maintained ≤3. The number of attempt and the number of patients requiring rescue analge?sic were recorded at 48 h after surgery. The occurrence of TAP block?related complications was observed and recorded. Results Compared with groupⅢ, the number of attempt and the number of patients requi?ring rescue analgesic were significantly decreased in Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups ( P<0?05 ) . Compared with groupⅡ, the number of attempt and the number of patients requiring rescue analgesic were significantly de?creased in group Ⅰ (P<0?05). No TAP block?related complications were detected in the three groups. Conclusion Ultrasound?guided TAP block with 0?25% ropivacaine is helpful in improving the analgesic efficacy after cesarean section without serious complications.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of Compound Longxuejie Capsules for treatment of stable angina pectoris with cariac blood stasis syndrome. Methods A randomized, double-blind, positive drug parallel controlled, multi-center clinical trial was adopted. 418 patients with stable angina pectoris with cariac blood stasis syndrome were randomly chosen and divided into two groups:test group (314 cases) and control group (104 cases). The test group was treated with Compound Longxuejie Capsules and the control group received Compound Danshen Capsules. Treatment course of each group was 28 days. Results The antiangina effect and changes electrocardiogram in test group were better than that of the control group (P0.05). The test group had no obvious side effect. Conclusion Compound Longxuejie Capsules was proved safe and effective in treating stable angina pectoris of stable angina pectoris with cariac blood stasis syndrome.

Objective Attempting to find a reliable method for assessing the patient's ability to tolerate carotid artery occlusion. Methods The temporary balloon occlusion (TBO) test of carotid artery was performed for 20 patients who might have carotid artery manipulated or permanently occluded. Transfemoral artery Seldinger's catheterization was used to introduced the temporary balloon occlusion catheters into the vessels of the concern. Neurologic testing was performed continuously by the attending neurologist. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and carotid artery stump pressure (SP) were measured contiuously during the TBO. The collateral circulation of Willis circle was observed with DSA. Results Out of the 20 cases, one failed during the TBO because of CCA dissection caused by catheterization, another one failed because of a neurologic defect occurring before the balloon was inflated, the others went through the test uneventfully. Two cases finished the test before the approved schedule because neurologic defects appeared 34 min and 27 min after the vascular occlusion, respectively. These two patients were proved unable to tolerate carotid artery sacrifice. The other 16 cases passed the 45 minutes TBO. Their mean velocity of ipsilateral middle cerebral artery fell 36%?18%. Their SP is (53.76?21.49) mmHg(30-87). Adequate collateral circulation in Willis circle was observed by DSA in all cases except the two who failed with the TBO. Conclusions TBO is a safe and reliable method for assessing the patient's ability to tolerate carotid artery occlusion. We suggest it should be a routine examination prior to carotid manipulations.

International Cooperation ; Nephrology ; trends ; Pediatrics ; trends