This article introduced the biological characteristics of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and reviewed the relationship be-tween NMDA receptor and neurological disease, including cerebral trauma, cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, depression and Al-zheimer disease.

Objective To investigate the expression of H1 protein in the prefrontal cortex of comatose rats which have suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) after electrical stimulation of the median nerve (MNS).Methods Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 250 to 300 g) were randomly divided into a stimulated group (MNS+ TBI),an antagonist group (MNS+TBI+OXR1 antagonist),a model group (TBI) and a control group,with 18 rats in each group.Traumatic brain injury was modeled in all of the rats except those of the control group.After the modeling,the stimulated group was given MNS,the antagonist group was provided with MNS and an OXR1 injection,and the model group was given MNS with a current intensity of 0.One hour after the experiment,the consciousness of each rat was evaluated using a double-blind method.Animals were sacrificed at 6,12 and 24 hours after the intervention and brain tissue was removed.H1 protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry.Results One hour after the experiment,significant differences were observed in the consciousness of the 4 groups,with the 18 rats of the control group on consciousness level one.Thirteen rats in the stimulated group exhibited a righting reflex,compared with 9 in the antagonist group and 5 in the model group.Immunohistochemistry showed that H1 expression was strongest in the stimulated group,followed by the antagonist,control and model groups.The H1 expression was highest at 24 hours after the experiment,followed by that at 6 h and 12 h,but those differences were not statistically significant.Conclusion Median nerve electrical stimulation might modulate wakefulness after traumatic brain injury by promoting H1 expression via orexin-A in the prefrontal contex.

Objective:To investigate the expression of 5-HT 2A receptor in the prefrontal cortex of traumatic brain injuryinduced coma rats after median nerve electrical stimulation.Method:A total of 72 SD rats (weighing 250-300g) were randomly divided into 4 groups:a stimulationgroup,an antagonist group,a sham-stimulation group and a control group.This traumatic brain injury model was established by a weight-drop head injury,and we evaluated the change of behavior through the six classical levels of consciousness.The animals were sacrificed and their brain tissues were removed at 6,12,and 24 hours after injury.5-HT 2A protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry.Result:Thirteen rats exhibited righting reflex in the stimulation group.In the antagonist group,9 rats exhibited righting reflex.5 rats in the sham-stimulation group had the same response.The mean rank of consciousness degree were degree 9.50 in the control group,degree 52.75 in the sham-stimulation group,degree 37.61 in the stimulation group,degree 46.14 in the antagonist group.Comparison among groups presented an increasing consciousness degree:control group＜stimulation group＜antagonist group＜sham-stimulation group(P＜0.01).Resuits from immunohistochemistry showed that significant differences in the 5-HT 2A expression among the four groups (sham-stimulation＜control＜antagonist＜stimulation))(P＜0.05),and a within-group comparison showed that the 5-HT 2A expression level was as follows:6 hours＜24 hours ＜12 hours(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Median nerve electrical stimulation might modulate wakefulness by promoting the 5-HT 2A expression via orexin-A in the prefrontal cortex of rats with traumatic brain injury-induced coma.

Objective To investigate the variational regularity of cardiac function in the early term infants.Methods Dynamic change of cardiac function was monitored by color Doppler echocardiography from the 1st day to 7th day after birth in the term infants,the indexes including blood-pumping function and flow rate of all valve orifices.Results Left ventricular ejection fraction appeared to be no difference during the first 3 days after birth.it gradually increased on the 5th and 1st days,while it was obviously higher on the 6th and 7th days than that of the first 3 days(P0.05).Conclusions Blood-pumping function of left ventricle gradually increases with days in the 1st week after birth.it attains to the maximum on the 6th and 7th days.The AV and PV gradually increase in the 1st week,too.Diastolic function of right ventricle is mature step by step.

Objective To study the role of inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress on hepatocyte apoptosis of experimental fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).Methods Thirty male depuratory Wistar rats were manufactured to be FHF model by peritoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS),and 30 rats were injected peritoneally with 0.9％ sodium chloride solution as controls.The apoptosis of liver cells was detected by flow cytometry.The protein and mRNA expressions of Caspase-12 and IRE1 in liver tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptation-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The independent samples were compared by Kruskal-Wallis H test.The comparison between two groups at the same time point was done by Mann-Whitney U test.The correlation analysis was done by rank correlation.Results The apoptotic rates of liver cells at 2,4,8 and 12 hours were increased over time in model group (x2 =25.475,P=0.01),which were higher than control group (U=0,P＜0.01).The expressions of Caspase-12 and IRE1 proteins in liver tissues were upregulated in model group,while the expressions were not detected in control group.The expressions of Caspase-12 and IRE1 mRNA in model group were also increased over time and peaked at 8 h,then gradually decreased; the differences among different time points were statistically significant (x2 =23.983,x2 =24.820; both P＜0.01),and all higher than control group (U=0,P＜0.01).IRE1 was positively correlated with both Caspase-12 and hepatocellular apoptotic rate (r=0.733 and 0.715,respectively;both P＜0.01).Caspase-12 was positively correlated with hepatocellular apoptotic rate (r=0.586,P＜0.01).Conclusions IRE1 mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress on hepatocyte apoptosis is closely related to the development of FHF.The earlier intervention on endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway,the more protective effect in liver failure.

China ; Evidence-Based Practice ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans

Compared with proinflammatory processes in the development of type 2 diabetes,our knowledge on anti-inflammatory cytokines is rather limited.Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponectin,interleukin 1 receptor antagonist(IL-1RA),transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15),omentin,and secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) are strongly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes:Adiponectin and omentin levels decreased before type 2 diabetes,in contrast,concentrations of IL-1RA,TGF-β1,GDF-15 are increased.Change of SFRP5 levels in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes remains controversial.This paper will summarize and recommend studies that investigated associations between circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and type 2 diabetes.

Objective To know the status of microbial contamination in filtrated water and edible ice used in food processing,and to provide experimental basis for the management of HACCP of filtrated water and edible ice. Methods The samples of water and ice were collected from a western style restaurant in Changchun. The microbial indicators were tested based on Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water(2001). Results Results In the third quarter, 37.8%, 32.4%, 13.5% of total bacterium counts, total coliform counts, feces coliform counts of the water samples was unqualified. Conclusion The filtrated water and edible ice used in restaurants can be contaminated by microbes in degree. It is necessary for HACCP of filtrated water involved coliform counts contamination to carry out dynamic monitoring.

Objective To investigate the wake-promoting action of median nerve electrical stimulation(MNES) in coma rats induced by traumatic brain injury(TBI) and its influence on the expression of α1-adrenergic receptor(α1 R) in the prefrontal contex (PFC).Methods Seventy-two healthy Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into the control group,sham-stimulated group(TBI),stimulated group (TBI+ MNES) and antagonist group(TBI+ OX1R antagonist +MNES).The control group had no any treatment.The TBI coma rat models were prepared in the other 3 groups.The sham stimulated group had no treatment.The antagonist group was injected with orexin receptor-l(OX1R) antagonist SB334867 into lateral ventricle,and both the antagonist group and stimulated group received MNES treatment.Then the behavior changes of rats in each group were observed and the α1 R expression level in PFC was detected by using the immunohistochemistry technique.Results Thirteen rats in the stimulated group and 8 rats in the antagonist group revived,while only 4 rats in the TBI group.The α1R levels from low to high were the blank control group,sham-stimulated group,antagonist group and stimulated group,showing the increasing trend,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion MNES can improve the rat consciousness level after TBI coma,and its mechanism may be related with up-regulating the α1 R expression level in PFC area,moreover Orexin-A participates in this regulation process.

Objective To construct mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) gene eukaryotic expressing plasmid pcDNA3-GM-CSF, to transfect the recombinant into erythroleukemia cell line FBL-3, and identify their biological activity.Methods GM-CSF gene eukaryotic expressing plasmid was constructed by subclone and recombinant was transfected into FBL-3 cells by electroporation. After screening by G418 and cloning by limiting dilution,we obtained positive cell clones(FBL-3-GM-CSF). PCR and RT-PCR were used to identify the integration and stable expression of GM-SF gene in FBL-3-GM-CSF cells. The biological activity was confirmed by the hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferative assay and hematopoietic progenitor cell colony formation assay. Results Mouse GM-CSF cDNA was amplified from the prokaryotic expressing plasmid PET-30a(+)-GM-CSF by PCR firstly and BamH Ⅰ and EcoRⅠrestriction sites were introduced. The inserted fragment was cut by BamH Ⅰ and EcoR Ⅰ digestion and ligated into pcDNA3 vector. The pcDNA3-GM-CSF eukaryotic expressing plasmid was constructed. The recombinant was cleared with appropriate endoneucleases and sequenced. The findings showed that the orientation of the insert was correct, while no rearrangement or mutation was found. PCR and RT-PCR assay showed that GM-CSF gene had integrated into FBL-3-GM-CSF cells and stably expressed. The hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferative assay and hematopoietic progenitor cell colony formation assay demonstrated that the cultured supernatant of FBL-3-GM-CSF cells of expressing GM-CSF should obviously stimulate proliferation of murine marrow mononuclear cells, and could stimulate hematopoietic progenitor cell colony formation. The number of colony formation was 54.67?4.83. The rate of colony formation was 0.547 %.Conclusions GM-CSF gene eukaryotic expressing plasmid is constructed successfully. A cell clone, which can express stably GM-CSF gene and possess biological activity,is obtained. Our studies have founded the base for the preparation of GM-CSF gene-modified vaccine of tumor cell and the study of feasibility of immune therapy of leukemia.