The study of brain information flow is of great significance to understand brain function in the field of neuroscience. The Granger causality is widely used functional connectivity analysis using multivariate autoregressive model based on the predicted mechanism. High resolution electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of ten healthy subjects were collected with a visual selective attention task. Firstly, independent component analysis was used to extract three spatially independent components of the occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices. Secondly, the Granger causal connectivity was computed between these three regions based on the Granger causality method and then independent sample t-test and bootstrap were used to test the significance of connections. The results showed that Granger causal connectivity existed from frontal to occipital and from parietal to occipital in attentional condition, while causal connectivity from frontal to occipital disappeared in unattentional condition.
Algorithms ; Attention ; Brain ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans

Objective To discuss the correlation between the leading style of lead nurses and nurses satisfaction degree with work of by applying managerial grid theory.Methods 300 nurses from 40 nursing units of 5 hospitals above class-two level were investigated with 3 kinds questionnaires.Results The number of head nurses who were considered to conduct with bureaucratic style reached 39.7%.Thosewith democratic style,parent style,autocratical style and indulgent style ranked the 2nd,3th,4th and 5th position respectively.In addition the leading styles were correlated with nurses'satisfaction degree with work,among which the democratic style gained the highest satisfaction degree of nurses.Conclusion The democratic leading style Was the most satisfying and it put forward new thinking and reference for futurenursing management.

Objective To study the clinical characteristics of children with chaotic atrial tachycardia (CAT),and to improve its clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods Clinical data,follow-up,treatment and prognosis concerning 33 patients with CAT from Sep.2001 to Oct.2013 in Beijing Children's Hospital were analyzed.Results The 33 patients included 23 boys and 10 girls with ages ranging from 3 days to 13 months,5 months on the average.CAT was conformed by electrocardiogram in all patients:multifocal atrial tachycardia defined by 3 distinct P'-waveforms,irregular P'R,RR and P'-P' intervals,and isoelectric baseline between P'-waves.Combined with symptoms of atrial flutter,atrial fibrillation,atrial premature beats,atrial tachycardia,and interior conduction,differences were detected by 24-hour holter electrocardiography.Echocardiographic features indicated mild heart enlargement in 19 cases,medium enlargement in 4 cases,severe enlargement in 3 cases,atrial septal defect in 5 cases,ventricular septal defect in 3 cases,atrial septal defect coupled with patent ductus arteriosus in 1 case,congenital total anomalous pulmonary venous cormection in 1 case,and patent foramen ovale closure in 12 cases.Twenty-three patients had heart failure.Digoxine,amiodarone and Betaloc were administered to the patients for maintaining their heart functions.No antiarrhythmic drug therapy was used in 2 patients.Twenty-six of the patients (78.8％) had normal electrocardiographic sinus rhythm within 3 to 18 months after their discharge from hospital.Three of the patients (9.1％) still had CAT symptoms in their eletroccardiogram,but their heart rates were kept under control during the 12-month follow-up clinical visits.Of 26 children with cardiac enlargement,echocardiograms in 21 cases (80.8％) returned to normal within 1-3 months after their electrocardiograms returned to normal,and for the other 5 cases (19.2％),the recovery took 6-12 months.One patient died and 3 patients did not participate in the follow-up visits.Conclusions CAT is often found in newborns and infants.Its diagnosis relies on electrocardiography and 24-hour holter electrocardiography.Treatment with Digoxine,and/or β-receptor block,and amiodarone according to with the heart functions of patients can restore sinus rhythm,and achieve good prognostic results.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM) in children.Methods Twenty-five cases of children confirmed with HCM in Beijing Children's Hospital from October 2000 to September 2013 were analyzed retrospectively through their clinical manifestations,laboratory tests,treatment and prognosis.Results HCM was found to be more common in older children.The average age of the patients in the studied cases was 8 years and 9 months and the male to female ratio was 3.1:1.Their clinical manifestations were as the follows:5 cases with shortness of breath and fatigue,4 cases with chest tightness and long breath,3 cases with precordial discomfort,5 cases with cough and wheezing and found to have cardiac abnormalities,8 cases found with asymptomatic heart murmurs with no other symptom,2 cases with syncope episodes,6 cases with a clear HCM family history,3 cases with a family history of infant deaths (specific condition not clear).ECG:18 cases showing left ventricular and/or right ventricular hypertrophy and ST-T changes,3 cases showing abnormal Q waves,2 cases showing ST-T changes,2 cases with Ⅰ ° atrio-ventricular block,1 case with left bundle branch block,and 1 case with left anterior division block.Cardiac enzymes were elevated in 5 cases.Chest X-rays showed enlarged heart shadow in 17 cases.Echocardiography revealed non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 23 cases and obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2 cases.Left ventricular systolic function was decreased in 2 cases,and diastolic dysfunction in 3 cases.Twenty-one patients took oral metoprolol,1 patient took verapamil,1 patient took propranolol and 2 patients took no medication.The follow-up period of 2 months to 13 years witnessed 2 cases of death and 23 cases of survival.Conclusion HCM in children lacks specific clinical manifestations and the conditions of the patient are usually severe with progressive development.HCM is one of the main reasons of sudden death in adolescent,with poor prognosis.

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and curing methods of non-compaction of ventricular myocardium(NVM) in children with a view to improve its diagnosis and treatment.Methods From Jan.2009 to Dec.2012,the clinical data,treatment and follow-up of 22 patients with NVM in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were analyzed.Results The 22 patients included 13 boys and 9 girls aged from 4 months to 13 years and 3 months with an average age of 3 years and 7 months.Five of them had a family history of cardiac diease.Twenty patients suffered from ventricular dysfunction,with 2 cases at level Ⅰ,5 cases at level Ⅱ,7 cases at level Ⅲ and 6 cases at level Ⅳ.Asymptomatic heart murmur was heard in 6 patients and creatine kinase car-diac isoenzymes raise was found in 6 patients.X-ray indicated that heart shadow enlargement and electrocardiographic abnormalities in all 22 patients.Echocardiography features of all cases indicated left ventricular enlargement,and 20 cases of the children had ventricular systolic dysfunction.Left ventricle was detected in 21 patients,while double ventricle dysfunction detected in 1 patient.Thrombus was found in none of the patients.Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 8 cases of the patients and CT was performed in 14 cases,all of them showed abnormalities.Anti-heart failure medications were administered to 20 patients and aspirin to all of the children.The patients were followed up for 0.5 to 3.0years.Two patients died from heart failure during the follow-up.In 2 cases whose cardiac ejection fraction was more than 60％ had little change of the internal diameter of left ventricle and cardiac function.In 3 cases,the left ventricular diameter narrowed by 3 to 5 millimeter and ejection fraction increased by 5％ to 10％ over the previous.In 5 cases,the left ventricular diameter expanded by 5 to 7 millimeter and ejection fraction decreased by 3％ to 5％.In 10 cases,the left ventricular diameter and heart function had no significant change.Conclusions The main clinical manifestions of NVM in children are cardiac dysfunction,and the prognosis is usually poor.Echocardiography is the principal means of diagnosis.Magnetic resonance imaging can contribute to the diagnosis.

Objective: To explore the effect of health insurance on consumption for rural and urban households. Methods: Using empirical study with the method of quasi-social experiment. Results: Households with health insurance have more consumption than those without health insurance. The higher the coverage of family health insurance improves, the more effects medical insurance would encourage family consumption. Meanwhile, the marginal effect of health insurance on rural households ’ consumption is much bigger than that of urban households. Conclusion: Through enhancing households’ risk tolerance, health insurance reduces households’ precautionary saving motivation and impels to increase the current consumption.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Translations

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and therapy of children with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia(IVT).Method Clinical features,laboratory examination,treatment and outcomes of cases involving 36 children with IVT were retrospectively and statistically analysed.Results IVT often happened in teenagers.The average age of selected patients was 7 years and 8 months,and the ratio of male and female was 1.11.Electrokardiogram(EKG)results showed 23 cases(63.8%)were VT that arised from the left ventricular tachycardia(ILVT)with right bundle branch block,and 13 cases(36%)were VT that arise from the right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT VT)with left bundle branch block.Among the 23 children with tachycardia,15 children had palpitation,2 children had syncope.Of the 13 children with right ventricular tachycardia,3 children had increased heartbeat,and 1 child suffered from weakness,others had no significant clinical symptoms.Cases with ILVT had more serious clinical symptoms than cases with right ventricular tachycardia.It was of marked significance to compare their differences(P

Objective To establish a method for the determination of catalpol in Zengye Chengqi Syrupus by HPLC. Methods High performance liquid chromatography was performed on an Eclipse XDB C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid (1∶99) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, 210 nm as the detection wavelength, the temperature of column was set at 30 ℃. Results Catalpol showed good linear relationship at the range of 0.052-0.258 μg (r=0.999 9), the average recovery (n=5) was 98.23% (RSD=0.76%, n=9). Conclusion The method was accurate, reliable and specific. It can be used for the quality control and evaluation of Zengye Chengqi Syrupus.