Optogenetics is a technology invented by Boyden in 2005 that allows targeted, fast control of precisely defined events in neural system. It was widely used in Parkinson disease and emotional neural circuit studies. Optogenetics was selected by Nature Methods for method of the year 2010. This paper reviews on the research advances and applications of optogenetics.

Objective To explore correlation between gene polymorphism of TNF-alpha and thyroid associated ophtalmopa thy (TAO) in Zhuang ethnic population.Methods DNA and serum samples were collected in patients with TAO in Han/Zhuang population.ELISA was applied to detect level of TNF-alpha in serum and PCR was applied to detect polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene 863C_A.Results The levels of TNF-alpha in patients with TAO increased significantly compared with control group (P ＜ 0.05),and more significantly in Zhuang population compared with Han population (P ＜ 0.05) ;gene frequency of CA was significantly higher in patients with TAO in Zhuang population than that in Han population (P ＜ 0.05),while gene frequency of AA was significantly lower (x2 =0.770,2.145,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Serum level of TNF-alpha increases during occurrence of TAO,and the differences of expression level between different nationalities are due to gene polymorphism of TNF-alpha.

Recent evidence has shown that neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood, and neural stem cells reside in the adult central nervous system (CNS) in mammals. Experimental stroke in adult mammals increases neurogenesis from neural stem cells or progenitor cells located in the dentate subgranular zone and the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricle. New neurons can migrate to the areas of damage regions and express morphological markers characteristic of died neurons. These findings bring hope for self-repair after brain injury. The author of this paper reviewed the adult neurogenesis and its regulation in vivo, and described evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis and neuronal replacement in the adult, and discussed the future research directions about neurogenesis after stroke and other brain injuries.

Animals ; Calpain ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases ; chemically induced ; Organophosphate Poisoning

Objective To screen melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4R) gene mutation by direct DNA sequencing in order to explore the mutation situation of Mc4R gene in simple obese children in Nanjing.Methods One hundred and five simple obese children(obesity group) and 127 healthy children(healthy control group) were examined for mutations of Mc4R gene.Body mass index(BMI)cutoff points for overweight and obesity adopted Chinese children and adolescents,recommended by China Working Group of Obesity,and all children had no other hereditary and metabolic abnormality.Touch-down PCR was performed to amplify the full length Mc4R gene,then direct DNA sequencing was used to analyze the Mc4R gene.The differences of biochemical index levels between obesity group and healthy control group were analyzed ,including alanine transaminase,aspartate transaminas,total protein,albumin,globulin,albumin/globulin,triglyceride,cholesterol,high density lipoprotein,cortisol,insulin and C peptide.Results There were significant differences of biochemical index levels between obesity group and healthy control group,including triglyceride,insulin level after dining 2 h,C peptide and BMI(Pa

Antidepressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Depression ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Phytotherapy

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of hysteroscopy combined with foley balloon tamponade in the management of caesarean scar pregnancy ( CSP ) . Methods Twenty-one cases were diagnosed as having CSP by ultrasound examinations from January 2008 to November 2013.Among them, 11 cases with serum β-hCG below 500 IU/L underwent the surgery after taking mifepristone for 2 days, while 10 cases with serum β-hCG over 500 IU/L underwent surgery after injection of MTX combined with oral administration of mifepristone for 7 -14 days.All the cases were treated by hysteroscopy combined with foley balloon tamponade . Results The hysteroscopic operation was successfully conducted in 19 of 21 cases, with the operate time ranged 15-42 min.One case was given a second hysteroscopy and one case required a secondary laparoscopic procedure for the uterine perforation.In 18 cases with preoperative serum β-hCG below 500 IU/L, the intraoperative blood loss was 20 -100 ml, while in another 3 cases with preoperative serum β-hCG 1085-2760 IU/L, the blood loss was 200-800 ml.Follow-up examinations at clinic for 2-4 weeks in 16 cases showed levels of β-hCG declined to normal and recovery of menstruation at 43-56 postoperative days with normal menses amount . Conclusion Hysteroscopy combined with foley balloon tamponade in the management of CSP offers advantages of safety and effectiveness , which is deserved to clinical application .

Objective To study the application value of digitization radiography in group wound. Methods Emergency patient were taken photos on all positions by the system of digitized X-ray phantom equipment DR or CR. Results Image quality was improved and the success ratio of taking photo reached 100%. Both lasting time of examination and the radiation dose reduced. Conclusion The application of digitized X-ray photography is superior to that of the system of traditional screen or piece,which provides more information of photography for clinical in time.

Objective To investigate potential association of XRCC1-Arg399Gln polymorphism with hyroid-tassociated ophthalmopathy(TAO).Methods XRCC1-Arg399Gln polymorphism was identified by PCR-RFLP in 182 patients with TAO and 182 healthy subjects.Results The significant difference of the allelic frequency distribution was found between TAO and control group(P

Fungal enteritis was rarely reported.A case of fungal enteritis manifestation with jejunum multiple ulcers and obstruction was treated by Department of Gastroenterology,Third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University.After antifungal treatment,the clinical symptoms were relieved,and the ulcers in jejunal and upper gastrointestinal tract were healed completely.Clinical manifestation for small fungal enteritis is special,and the small intestine ulcer is easily to be misdiagnosed.It is helpful to prevent the misdiagnose for small fungal enteritis if we can tell the clinical features for this disease.