Objective To explore the role of CD4+ CDhigh25 regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CAP/CPPS).Methods The percentage of CD4+ CD+25 and CD4+ CDhigh25 regulatory T cells was detected by flow cytometry from 45 CAP/CPPS pa-tients and 18 normal controls.The levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-10,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in serum and seminal plasma were measured by ELISA in the same cohort.Results There was no significant difference in the percentage of peripheral blood CD4+CD+25 and CD4+Cdhigh+ cells between CAP/CPPS patients and normal control (P>0.05).The ser-CD4+CD+25 and CD4+Cdhigh+ cells between CAP/CPPS patients and normal control (P>0.05>.The ser-um levels of TGF-β1 in patients with CAP/CPPS were markedly lower than those in controls (P<0.05),serum TNF-α and seminal plasma IL-6,TGF-β1 and TNF-α in CAP/CPPS patients were markedly higher than those in controls (P<0.05).There was a positive correlation between the IL-6 and the NIH-CPSI.There was also a positive correlation between the IL-10 and the pain index.In ad-dition,the percentage of peripheral blood CD+4CDhigh25 cells was positively correlated with serum TGF-β1.But the percentage of CD+4CDhigh25 cells had no correlation with ages,duration of CAP/CPPS pa-tients,NIH-CPSI and the other cytokines.Conclusions The defective function of peripheral blood CD+4CD+25 regulatory T cells may be related with the pathogenesis of CAP/CPPS.The cytokines may also play an important role in the process of pathogenesis of CAP/CPPS.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(MDR-ABA).METHODS The four kinds aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes(aac(6′)-Ⅰad,aac(6′)-Ⅰb,aac(3)-Ⅰ,ant(3″)-Ⅰ) of 20 strains MDR-ABA were detected by PCR.RESULTS Among 20 MDR-ABA strains,12 strains of aac(3)-Ⅰ,15 strains of aac(6′)-Ⅰb,18 strains of ant(3″)-Ⅰwere positive,and aac(6′)-Ⅰad was negative.The new subtype aac(6′)-Ⅰad gene has not been found.CONCLUSIONS Twenty strains MDR-ABA aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes are found in all the 20 MDR-ABA strains.The genotype is in accordance with antibiotics resistance.It can induce clone transmitting hospital infection.It is first time to study the aac(6′)-Ⅰad gene of A.baumannii in China.

Objective To estimate the value of transrectal ultrasound/magnetic resonance imaging (TRUS/MR) fusion targeted prostate biopsy(targeted biopsy,TB) in the biopsy naive patients.Methods Between September 2015 and September 2016,91 patients with PI-RADS ≥ 3 suspicious regions on the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) were retrospectively evaluated.The age of patients was 46-83 years (median 68).Serum PSA level before biopsy was 1.2-85 ng/ml (median 11.2 ng/ ml),in which 36 cases with PSA ＜ 10 ng/ml,30 cases 10-20 ng/ml,and 25 cases ＞ 20 ng/ml.Two-core TB using real-time virtual sonography (RVS) platform for mpMRI-suspicious lesions was followed by 12-core systematic biopsy (SB).The detection rates for any cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer (CsPCa) were compared between TB and SB.Results The total detection rate for PCa was 57.1％,with a comparable positive rate between TB (44.0％) and SB (51.7％) groups which did not significantly differ (P =0.14).The proportion of CsPCa in TB group was higher than that in SB group (80.0％ vs.68.1％,P =0.21).In TB group,detection of PCa for grade 5 lesions was significantly higher than that for grade 3 lesions (77.1％ vs.10.3％,P ＜0.001).Detection of PCa was comparable between TB and SB groups in different regions of PSA ＜ 10 ng/ml,10 ～ 20ng/ml and ＞ 20ng/ml (27.8％ vs.36.1％,50％ vs.56.7％,60％ vs.68％,respectively).Conclusions This study revealed a similar rate of prostate cancer detection between 2-core targeted biopsy guided by TRUS/MR fusion and 12-core random biopsy in different PSA regions for no prior biopsy men.TB maybe tend to detect high proportion of CsPCa.PI-RADS is instructive to select appropriate patients for TB.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of intraoperative frozen section examination (IFS) in the diagnosis and surgical procedures selection for renal occupying lesions. MethodsFrom January 2006 to December 2010,IFS was used in 114 men and 81 women with renal occupying lesions.The mean age was 52 years (range 17 -78).In 104,89,and 2 patients,lesions were in the right,left and bilateral kidneys,respectively.All patients underwent physical examination,129 were asymptomatic at presentation while clinical symptoms were observed in 66.The largest dimension of the tumors were 4 cm or less in 128 patients,4- 7 cm in 49,and larger than 7 cm in 18,respectively.The outcomes between IFS and postoperative routine paraffin section examination were compared.In cases with renal tumors nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy was performed.The results of IFS were compared between the 2 groups. ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of IFS for renal malignant lesions was 96.6％ and 100％,respectively.The total accuracy rate of IFS for renal occupying lesions was 97.4％.By subgroup analysis,the accuracy rate of clear cell carcinoma,papillary cell carcinoma,chromophobe cell carcinoma,sarcomatoid cancer,nephroblastoma,benign tumor and urothelial cancer was 94.3％,25.0％,16.7％,0,0,97.6％ and 100.0％,respectively.Partial nephrectomy and nephrectomy were performed in 57 and 123 patients with renal tumors,respectively.The surgical procedures selection was significantly associated with the lesion size (4 cm or less for 80.7％ vs 62.6％,P =0.015) and the malignant lesion diagnosed by IFS (31.6％ vs 93.5％,P＜0.001). Conclusion The accuracy of frozen section analysis for renal malignant lesions during surgery is reliable and significantly high,and the results can exert an important impact on surgical procedures selection.

Objective To evaluate the predictive values of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urine NGAL, serum cystatin C (Cys-C) and serum creatinine (Scr) for early delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data, blood and urine samples of 159 kidney transplant recipients were collected. All recipients were divided into the DGF group (n=42) and immediate graft function (IGF) group (n=117) according to the incidence of DGF. Clinical data of all recipients were analyzed. The changes of serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels were statistically compared between two groups. The predictive values of different markers for early DGF were assessed. Results Among 159 kidney transplant recipients, DGF occurred in 42 cases with an incidence rate of 26.4%. There were statistically significant differences in donor age, cold ischemia time of donor kidney and complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC) between the two groups(all P < 0.05). Within postoperative 2 weeks, the serum NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher than those in the IGF group (all P < 0.05). The Cys-C, Scr and urine NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher compared with those in the IGF group within 3 weeks after kidney transplantation(all P < 0.001). Serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels had certain predictive values for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients. Cys-C yielded the highest predictive value with a cut-off value of 4.73 mg/L, sensitivity of 0.833, specificity of 0.812 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.895. Conclusions Cys-C has higher predictive value for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients compared with serum NGAL, urine NGAL and Scr.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of prostate imaging reporting and data system version 1 (PI-RADS V1) and version 2 (PI-RADS V2) for detection of prostate cancer (PCa) in the transition zone (TZ).Methods Seventy-seven patients with suspicious lesions in TZ on mpMRI were scored according to the PI-RADS system (V1 and V2) before MR-TRUS fusion guided biopsy prospectively.In all of the patients with suspicious tumors,respectively at least one lesion with a PI-RADS V1 assessment category of ≥3,was selected for biopsy.Independent sample t test was used to compare scores of PI-RADS V1 and V2 between PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).The diagnostic performance of PI-RADS V 1 and V2 for detection of PCa in the transition zone was compared by analyzing ROC basing on the results of MR-TRUS fusion guided biopsy.Results A cohort of 77 patients was performed including 31 cases of PCa (32 cores) and 46 cases of BPH (51 cores).PCa (V1:1 1.50±2.79;V2:4.28±0.99) had significantly higher scores of both PI-RADS V1 and PI-RADS V2 than BPH(V1:7.51± 1.63;V2∶2.61 ±0.67) (P＜0.05).Using a PI-RADS V1 score cut-off ≥ 11,sensitivity and specificity in group PCa and BPH were calculated,which were 68.8％(22/32) and 96.1％(49/51) with a area under curve of 0.869;using a PI-RADS V2 score cut-off ≥4,which were 75.0％ (24/32) and 90.2％ (46/51) with a area under curve of 0.888,respectively.Conclusions PI-RADS system can indicate the likelihood of PCa of suspicious lesions in TZ on Mp-MRI.PI-RADS V2 perform better than V 1 for the assessment of prostate cancer in TZ.

Summary: The expression of calcium epithelium TRPV5, alcium binding protein Calbindin-D28k and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX1 was detected in renal distal convoluted tubule, and their effects on urine calcium reabsorption and the possible pathogenic mechanism in idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) were investigated. Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats were chosen as animal models to study urine calcium reabsorption and IH. The cognate female and male rats that had maximal urine calcium were matched to breed next generation. Twelve GHS rats and 12 normal control (NC) SD rats were selected. Western blot and real time quantitative PCR were used to detect the protein and gene expression of TRPV5, Calbindin-D28k and NCX1 respectively. The expression levels of TRPV5 protein and mRNA in GHS rats were significantly lower than in NC rats (P<0.05). Western blot revealed that the expression levels of Caibindin-D28k in GHS rats and NC rats were 0.49±0.02 and 0.20±0.01 respectively, with the difference being significant between them (P<0.05). By using real time quantitative PCR, it was found that there was no significant difference in Calbindin-28k mRNA expression levels between GHS rats and NC rats (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the NCX1 expression between GHS rats and NC rats (P0.05). It was suggested that TRPV5 and Caibindin-D28k might play an important role in urine calcium reabsorption and IH, but they differently contributed to the pathogenesis: The down-regulation of TRPV5 decreases urine calcium reabsorption, directly leading to loss of the urine calcium and resulting in hypercalciuria, and the increased Calbindin-D28k expression could relieve, neutralize and decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration to maintain calcium balance. NCX1 is not the key protein in urine calcium reabsorption.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of intra-cavity contrast enhanced ultrasound (ICCE-US) in percutanous nephrolithotomy for nephrolithiasis patients with slight or no hydronephrosis.Methods From March 2016 to March 2017,ICCE-US-guided PCNL was performed in 35,patients who had kidney stones with slight hydronephrosis in 11 and without hydronephrosis in 24.The sample comprised 20 males and 15 females,including 10 with renal pelvic calculi alone,17 with renal pelvic calculi combined with renal calyx calculi,and 8 with partial staghorn calculi.Mean age was 46.8 years (ranging,28-75 years).The size of calculi ranged from 2.5 cm to 5.0 cm [mean(3.6 ± 1.2) cm].In the prone position,the preferred calyces are the posterior ones,which were enhanced by sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles (SonoVue) retrogradely injected through ureteral catheter.An 18-gauge needle was inserted toward the desirable calyx.Successful renal entry was confirmed by administration of ultrasound contrast agents into the collecting system via the needle regardless of whether spontaneous urine drainage was observed.A guidewire was passed through the needle to renal collecting system.Subsequently,the needle was removed.And the renal tract was dilated to F18-F20 size with dilators.Finally,holmium laser lithotripsy was performed through nephroscopy.Results Posterior calyces and its fornix were revealed under contrast-enhanced ultrasound in all patients.The successive access rate was 100％.The average time for establishing the access was (8 ±2.6)min (ranging 5-10 min).The mean number of needle passes was (1.5 ± 0.3) times per kidney,ranged from 1 to 3 times.Hemoglobin level averagely reduced (11.3 ± 3.7) g/ L (ranging 6-15 g/L) within 24 hours postoperatively.No major complications,such as adjacent organs injuries or collecting system perforation were observed.No blood transfusion was needed.The mean hospital stay was (5.6 ± 1.2) days (ranging 5-7 days).The stone-free rate was 91.4％ (32/35).Conclusions ICCE-US can demonstrate clearly about the posterior calyces and its fornix as well as puncture needle site by contrast enhancement in the nephrolithiasis patients with slight or no hydronephrosis.It has the potential to improve the accuracy and successive rate of puncture resulting in a decrease in the puncture-related complications.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion targeted biopsy (TB) and systematic biopsy (SB) in the patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) in grey area.Methods The patients who received MRI/US fusion TB and SB in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between October 2015 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.Eligibility criteria included:tPSA ranged 4 to 10 ng/ml;prebiopsy MRI found at least 1 suspected lesion;no prostate-related treatment history;no prostate biopsy history.A total of 93 patients were invloved.The median age,tPSA and prostate volume were 66 (30-85) years,7.18 (4.11-9.95) ng/ml and 42.01 (14.93-119.15) ml,respectively.Prebiopsy MRI found 136 suspected lesions,with the median PI-RADS of 3 (3-5) and lesion size of 7 (3-20) mm.All patients underwent MRI/US fusion TB followed by SB.The comparison of two protocols in detecting any prostate cancer (PCa) as well as clinically significant prostate cancer (CsPCa) were analyzed.Results Cancer detection rates for PCa in TB [34.40％ (32/93)] was not different with SB [36.55％ (34/93),P =0.759].There was no significant difference in the detection rate of CsPCa between TB and SB [20.43％ (19/93) vs.24.73％ (23/93),P=0.483].A total of 1 374 biopsy cores were sampled,among which 266 were TB cores and additional 1108 were SB cores.The positive rate of TB cores [24.81％ (66/266)] was significantly higher than SB cores [9.84％ (109/1 108),P ＜0.001].Conclusions In the patients with PSA in grey area,MRI/US fusion TB achieved similar cancer detection rate compared with SB using only few biopsy cores.Therefore,TB was appropriate for patients with MRI suspicions.Moreover,combination of TB with SB can achieve the highest cancer detection rate.

Objective:To evaluate the application of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)-transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion guided biopsy in the diagnosis of clinical significant prostate cancer (PCa).Methods:A prospective analysis was performed in 168 patients with suspected PCa from September 2015 to June 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Suspicious areas on mpMRl were defined and graded using prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 (PI-RADS V2) score. All the patients had the TRUS-guided systematic biopsy, 108 patients with PI-RAD V2 scores ≥ 3 had additional MRI-TRUS targeted biopsies. Taking pathologic results as golden standard, the detection rates were compared between the 2 methods using χ 2 test. Results:Initially, all of the 168 patients underwent TRUS biopsy. PCa was detected in 86 (101 niduses) of 168 patients (51.19%, 86/168), 82 (91 niduses) (48.81%, 82/168) were not prostate cancer. Seventy eight (46.43%, 78/168) cases of PCa were detected by TRUS biopsy, and 63 (58.33%, 63/168) cases of PCa were detected by MRI-TRUS fusion guided biopsy, the difference was statistically significant between TRUS biopsy and MRI-TRUS fusion guided biopsy (χ 2=3.73, P=0.035). The 168 patients were biopsied with a total of 2 300 cores, including TRUS biopsy 2 016 cores and MRI-TRUS fusion targeted biopsy 284 cores. Additionally, the detection rate for per cores for MRI-TRUS fusion targeted biopsy (51.76%, 147/284) was significantly higher than that for TRUS biopsy cores (19.64%, 396/2 016) (χ 2=142.38, P<0.05). Among patients with a positive biopsy for PCa, the biopsy cores for conventional TRUS biopsy was 1 032 comparing to 214 cores for MRI-TRUS biopsy. The suspicious MRI-TRUS fusion targeted biopsy (68.69%, 147/214) detected more PCa compared with TRUS biopsy (38.37%, 396/1 032) (χ 2=66.27, P<0.05). Among patients with a positive biopsy for PCa, MRI-TRUS fusion targeted biopsy [69.74% (106/152)] detected more significant cancer cores than TRUS biopsy [54.50% (351/644) ] (χ 2=11.67, P<0.05). Conclusion:MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy combined with PI-RADS V2 increases positive rate markedly and improves the detection rate of clinical significant PCa.